Planarization of photovoltaics
Various processes can apply pressure and/or heat to a photovoltaic (PV) layer, including processes that integrate solar cells into different types of industrial glass such as an autoclave lamination process. The disclosure describes a planarization technique that can be used on the PV layer to eliminate point loads caused by such processes. In an aspect, a method for producing a component is described that includes disposing or placing a planarization material on a PV layer, modifying a physical form of the planarization material to provide a planar surface made of the planarization material on one side of the PV layer having surface irregularities, and forming a stack of layers (e.g., as part of an autoclave lamination process) for the component by disposing a first layer over the planar surface on the one side of the PV layer and a second layer over the other, opposite side of the PV layer.
1. A method for producing a component, comprising:
disposing a planarization material on a photovoltaic (PV) layer;
modifying a physical form of the planarization material to provide a planar surface made of the planarization material on one side of the PV layer having surface irregularities;
forming a stack of layers for the component by disposing a first layer over the planar surface on the one side of the PV layer and a second layer over the other, opposite side of the PV layer;
performing a de-gassing operation on the stack of layers; and
performing a vacuum lamination operation on the stack of layers following the de-gassing operation.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein forming the stack of layers is part of performing a process, the process including one of:
an autoclave lamination process,
a moving flatbed lamination process,
a belt vacuum lamination process,
a flat press plate lamination process, or
a heated nip rollers press process.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein forming the stack of layers is part of performing a lamination process in which pressure is applied to the stack of layers.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein modifying the physical form of the planarization material to provide the planar surface includes at least partially embedding the PV layer within the planarization material.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein:
at least partially embedding the PV layer within the planarization material includes surrounding at least a surface on the one side of the PV layer with the planarization material, or
at least partially embedding the PV layer within the planarization material includes surrounding a first surface on the one side of the PV layer and a second surface on the other side of the PV layer with the planarization material.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
modifying the physical form of the planarization material provides another planar surface made of the planarization material on the other side of the PV layer; and
forming the stack of layers for the component includes disposing the second layer over the planar surface on the other side of the PV layer.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the de-gassing operation comprises:
disposing the stack of layers in a vacuum structure that provides a vacuum seal, the vacuum structure being a vacuum bag or a vacuum gasket; and
reducing pressure within the stack of layers.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the vacuum lamination is performed using a flatbed laminator, a curved mold, or both, wherein the curved mold is based on a shape of the first layer, a shape of the second layer, or both.
9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising disposing a first intermediate layer between the first layer and the planar surface on the one side of the PV layer, a second intermediate layer between the second layer and the other side of the PV layer, or both.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein:
disposing the first intermediate layer, the second intermediate layer, or both includes disposing a same material as the planarization material, or
disposing the first intermediate layer, the second intermediate layer, or both includes disposing a material different from the planarization material.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one side of the PV layer is a front side of the PV layer for capturing light energy and the other side of the PV layer is a back side of the PV layer.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
disposing the first layer includes disposing one or more of glass or polycarbonate, or
disposing the first layer includes disposing one or more of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), ethylenechlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), or ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE).
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
disposing the second layer includes disposing one or more of steel, aluminum, carbon fiber composites, fiber glass, engineering thermoplastics, or reinforced thermoplastics, or
disposing the second layer includes disposing thermoplastics, the thermoplastics including at least PET-based backsheets.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the first layer has a first flat shape,
the second layer has a second flat shape complementary to the first flat shape, and
the PV layer with the planarization material is a flexible layer,
the method further comprising conforming a shape of the PV layer with the planarization material to the first flat shape and the second flat shape.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the first layer has a first curved shape or a first non-uniform shape,
the second layer has a second curved shape complementary to the first curved shape or a second non-uniform shape complementary to the first non-uniform shape, and
the PV layer with the planarization material is a flexible layer,
the method further comprising conforming a shape of the PV layer with the planarization material to the first curved shape and the second curved shape or to the first non-uniform shape and the second non-uniform shape.
16. The method of claim 1 , further comprising providing as the PV layer a thin film PV material, wherein the thin film PV material includes one or more of cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS), amorphous thin-film silicon (a-Si), gallium arsenide (GaAs), or perovskite.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the PV layer includes crystalline silicon (c-Si) made of multicrystalline silicon or monocrystalline silicon,
the PV layer includes a heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer (HIT) structure having a thin crystalline silicon layer surrounded by one or more ultra-thin amorphous silicon layers, or
the PV layer includes one or more solar cells in electrical communication, or one or more solar modules in electrical communication.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface irregularities include one or more protrusions, wherein the one or more protrusions include a busbar, a tab, or a contact.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface irregularities include one or more gaps between solar cells in the PV layer.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the planarization material includes one or more of a thermoplastic or a thermoset.