Molten salt battery with solid metal cathode
The present disclosure provides an energy storage device comprising at least one electrochemical cell comprising a negative current collector, a negative electrode in electrical communication with the negative current collector, an electrolyte in electrical communication with the negative electrode, a positive current collector, and a positive electrode in electrical communication with the positive current collector and electrolyte. The positive electrode comprises a material that is solid at the operating temperature of the energy storage device.
1. An electrochemical energy storage device, comprising:
a first electrode comprising a first material, wherein said first electrode is in electrical communication with a negative current collector;
a second electrode comprising a plurality of solid particles comprising a second material, wherein said second electrode is in electrical communication with a positive current collector, wherein said second material is reactive with said first material, wherein said second material of said plurality of solid particles has an electronic conductivity of greater than or equal to 1×10 4 Siemens per meter, and wherein at an operating temperature of said electrochemical energy storage device said second material is solid;
a liquid electrolyte between said first electrode and said second electrode, wherein said liquid electrolyte is capable of conducting ions of said first material.
2. The electrochemical energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein said first material and said second material comprise one or more metals.
3. The electrochemical energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein said operating temperature is from about 300° C. to 650° C.
4. The electrochemical energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein said first material comprises calcium or a calcium alloy.
5. The electrochemical energy storage device of claim 4 , wherein said first material comprises lithium, sodium, magnesium, copper, zinc, or any combination thereof.
6. The electrochemical energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein said first electrode comprises a semi-solid or a liquid at said operating temperature.
7. The electrochemical energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein said second material comprises antimony.
8. The electrochemical energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein an individual particle of said plurality of solid particles has a dimension of at least about 0.0001 millimeters.
9. The electrochemical energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein an individual particle of said plurality of solid particles has a dimension of less than or equal to about 10 millimeters.
10. The electrochemical energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein said liquid electrolyte comprises a calcium salt.
11. The electrochemical energy storage device of claim 10 , wherein said liquid electrolyte further comprises a salt additive.
12. The electrochemical energy storage device of claim 11 , wherein said calcium salt is calcium chloride.
13. The electrochemical energy storage device of claim 11 , wherein said salt additive comprises lithium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, strontium chloride, lithium bromide, sodium bromide, calcium bromide, potassium bromide, strontium bromide, barium chloride, barium bromide, or any composition thereof.
14. The electrochemical energy storage device of claim 1 , further comprising an intermetallic material disposed at one or more interfaces between said plurality of solid particles of said second electrode and said liquid electrolyte upon discharge of said electrochemical energy storage device, wherein said intermetallic material comprises said first material and said second material.
15. The electrochemical energy storage device of claim 14 , wherein said intermetallic material is included in an intermetallic layer at a given interface of said one or more interfaces.
16. The electrochemical energy storage device of claim 14 , wherein said intermetallic material is included in a shell at least partially circumscribing a given solid particle of said plurality of solid particles.
17. The electrochemical energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein said negative current collector comprises an electrically conductive current lead and/or a porous metallic structure.
18. The electrochemical energy storage device of claim 1 , further comprising a separator disposed between said first electrode and said second electrode, and wherein said separator prevents said second material from contacting said first electrode.
19. The electrochemical energy storage device of claim 18 , wherein said separator comprises pores of an average diameter of less than or equal to about 0.8 millimeters.
20. A method for operating an electrochemical energy storage device, comprising:
(a) activating said electrochemical energy storage device coupled to an electrical load, wherein said electrochemical energy storage device comprises:
a. a first electrode comprising a first material, wherein said first electrode is in electrical communication with a negative current collector, wherein at an operating temperature of said electrochemical energy storage device said first material is liquid;
b. a second electrode comprising a plurality of solid particles comprising a second material, wherein said second electrode is in electrical communication with a positive current collector, wherein said second material is reactive with said first material, wherein said second material of said plurality of solid particles has an electronic conductivity of greater than or equal to 1×10 4 Siemens per meter, and wherein at said operating temperature of said electrochemical energy storage device said second material is solid; and
c. a liquid electrolyte between said first electrode and said second electrode, wherein said liquid electrolyte is capable of conducting ions of said first material; and
(b) charging or discharging said electrochemical energy storage device through said electrical load, wherein (i) during charging, said liquid electrolyte conducts ions of said first material to said first electrode, and (ii) during discharging, said liquid electrolyte conducts ions of said first material away from said first electrode.