System and method for applying amorphous metal coatings on surfaces for the reduction of friction
An embodiment relates to a composition comprising an amorphous alloy having a low coefficient of friction (COF) of 0.15 or less, wherein the amorphous alloy is substantially free of phosphor (P) and substantially free of boron (B). An embodiment relates to a method comprising solidifying a molten layer of an amorphous feedstock on a preexisting layer by controlling a heating source and a cooling rate so as to avoid formation of crystals in the molten layer and not affect a crystalline structure of the preexisting layer, and forming a specimen; wherein, the at least a portion specimen has the low COF. Another embodiment relates to a system comprising a drill string, wherein the drill string comprises a drilling bit and a drill pipe connected thereto, wherein at least a portion of the drill pipe comprises a coating having the low COF.
1. A method comprising:
solidifying a molten layer of a feedstock on a preexisting layer by controlling a heating source and a cooling rate so as to form an outermost layer comprising a partially amorphous alloy while avoiding formation of crystals in the molten layer and not affecting a crystalline structure of the preexisting layer, and
phase-transforming the partially amorphous alloy into a fully amorphous alloy such that the outermost layer has a coefficient of friction (COF) of 0.15 or less;
wherein the fully amorphous alloy comprises Fe 100−(a++b+c+d) (Cr a X b Y c Z d ), wherein: a is in a range of 10 to 50 at. %; b is in a range of 10 to 30 at. %; c is in a range of 2 to 10 at. %; and d is in a range of 0.5 to 10 at. %; or
wherein the fully amorphous alloy comprises Ni 100−(a+b+c++d) (Cr a X b Y c Z d ), wherein: a is in a range of 10 to 50 at. %; b is in a range of 10 to 30 at. %; c is in a range of 2 to 10 at. %; and d is in a range of 0.5 to 10 at. %
wherein X, Y and Z are elements, wherein the Z is selected from the group consisting of boron, carbon and combinations thereof, wherein the X and the Y are selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, copper, cobalt, aluminum, titanium, tungsten, niobium, silicon, vanadium, and combinations thereof.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the feedstock comprises Fe 100−(a+b+c+d) (Cr a X b Y c Z d ), wherein: a is in a range of 10 to 50 at. %; b is in a range of 10 to 30 at. %; c is in a range of 2 to 10 at. %; and d is in a range of 0.5 to 10 at. %,
or Ni 100−(a+b+c+d) (Cr a X b Y c Z d ), wherein: a is in a range of 10 to 50 at. %; b is in a range of 10 to 30 at. %; c is in a range of 2 to 10 at. %; and d is in a range of 0.5 to 10 at. %.
3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising thermal spraying the feedstock on the preexisting layer.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the thermal spraying comprises high velocity oxygen fuel spraying, plasma spraying or arc spraying.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cooling rate is 100° C./s or slower and wherein the fully amorphous alloy is substantially free of phosphorus (P) and substantially free of boron (B).
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method results in a partially crystalline layer beneath the outermost layer.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein an object formed by the method comprises a drill string, driving the drill string into a ground, and drilling a well in the ground; wherein the drill string comprises a drilling bit and a drill pipe connected thereto, wherein at least a portion of the drill pipe comprises a coating thereon.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fully amorphous alloy is substantially free of phosphorus (P) and substantially free of boron (B).
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the fully amorphous alloy contains less than 10 at. % of P and less than 10 at. % of B.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the fully amorphous alloy contains less than 1 at. % of P.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the fully amorphous alloy contains no P.
12. The method of claim 8 , wherein the fully amorphous alloy comprises Fe, Cr, X, Y and Z, wherein: X, Y and Z are elements, and the Y is selected from the group consisting of boron, carbon and combinations thereof.
13. The method of claim 8 , wherein the fully amorphous alloy comprises Ni, Cr, X, Y and Z, wherein: X, Y and Z are elements, and the Z is selected from the group consisting of boron, carbon and combinations thereof.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the feedstock is fully amorphous.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the feedstock is partially amorphous.
16. A method comprising:
solidifying a molten layer of a feedstock on a preexisting layer by controlling a heating source and a cooling rate so as to form an outermost layer comprising a partially amorphous alloy, and
phase-transforming the partially amorphous alloy into a fully amorphous alloy such that the outermost layer has a coefficient of friction (COF) of 0.15 or less;
wherein the fully amorphous alloy comprises Fe 100−(a+b+c+d )(Cr a X b Y c Z d ), wherein: a is in a range of 10 to 50 at. %; b is in a range of 10 to 30 at. %; c is in a range of 2 to 10 at. %; and d is in a range of 0.5 to 10 at. %; or
wherein the fully amorphous alloy comprises Ni 100−(a+b+c+d) (Cr a X b Y c Z d ), wherein: a is in a range of 10 to 50 at. %; b is in a range of 10 to 30 at. %; c is in a range of 2 to 10 at. %; and d is in a range of 0.5 to 10 at. %;
wherein X, Y and Z are elements, wherein the Z is selected from the group consisting of boron, carbon and combinations thereof, wherein the X and the Y are selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, copper, cobalt, aluminum, titanium, tungsten, niobium, silicon, vanadium, and combinations thereof.