Polarizer implemented in a photonic integrated circuit for use in a fiber optic gyroscope
A multifunctional photonic integrated circuit (PIC) suitable for the manufacture of fiber optic gyroscopes (FOG) is described. The PIC is constructed and arranged to exhibit a scale factor of substantially high stability and accuracy. The PIC may comprise, for example, a high optical birefringence and low propagation loss waveguide, a low wavelength-dependent split-ratio Y-junction, a high extinction ratio linear polarizer, and high efficiency fiber-to-waveguide mode-size converters. Considerations for ensuring high-level FOG performance are addressed by, for example, optimization of waveguide structure, functional requirements for individual components, and combined effects of the circuit layout. A high-end, tactical grade FOG may be built using the disclosed PIC, after connecting to polarization maintaining optical fiber coil, a light source, and a photodetector.
1. A photonic integrated circuit (PIC) comprising:
a polarizer comprising a polarizer waveguide and having a first polarizer port and a second polarizer port, the polarizer configured to have, within a range of operational wavelengths of the PIC, a propagation extinction ratio (PER) of at least 75 dB and a birefringence of at least 0.012;
an interferometric Y-junction having a base waveguide, a first branch waveguide, and a second branch waveguide, that (i) are polarization maintaining (PM), (ii) have an associated depolarization length, and (iii) are configured to support a single transverse mode of light, and the first branch waveguide is longer than the second branch waveguide, the first branch waveguide being longer than the depolarization length;
a first connector configured to be connected to a light source;
a second connector configured to be connected to a photodetector;
a third connector configured to be connected to a first port of a fiber coil;
a fourth connector configured to be connected to a second port of the fiber coil; and
a source Y-junction having a base waveguide, a first branch waveguide, and a second branch waveguide;
wherein the first branch waveguide of the source Y-junction is optically coupled to the first connector, the second branch waveguide of the source Y-junction is optically coupled to the second connector, and the base waveguide of the source Y-junction is optically coupled to the first polarizer port;
wherein the first branch waveguide of the interferometric Y-junction is optically coupled to the third connector, the second branch waveguide of the interferometric Y-junction is optically coupled to the fourth connector, and the base waveguide of the source Y-junction is optically coupled to the second polarizer port; and
wherein the base waveguides and the branch waveguides comprise a thin Si 3 N 4 waveguide with a core thickness that is greater than or equal to 10 nm and less than or equal to 100 nm, and with a core width that is greater than or equal to 1 micron and less than or equal to 10 microns.
2. The photonic integrated circuit of claim 1 , wherein an H-parameter of each of the polarizer waveguide, the base waveguide, the first branch waveguide, and the second branch waveguide, is less than −40 dB/m.
3. The photonic integrated circuit of claim 1 , wherein a waveguide length difference between the first branch waveguide and the second branch waveguide is greater than a depolarization length of the first branch waveguide and the second branch waveguide.
4. The photonic integrated circuit of claim 1 , wherein the polarizer waveguide, the first branch waveguide, and the second branch waveguide each comprises a Si 3 N 4 core surrounded by SiO 2 cladding material.
5. The photonic integrated circuit of claim 4 , wherein the core has a width-to-height aspect ratio of at least 50.
6. The photonic integrated circuit of claim 1 , wherein the waveguide comprises a plurality of waveguide bends optically connected in series, the plurality of waveguide bends comprising a first 180-degree bend, a second 180-degree bend, and at least one additional bend of at least 90 degrees.
7. The photonic integrated circuit of claim 1 , further comprising at least one trench formed along a side of the waveguide, the trench configured to deflect light radiated from the waveguide away from the PIC to prevent stray light from coupling into the PIC.
8. The photonic integrated circuit of claim 1 , wherein the base waveguides and the branch waveguides have a birefringence of at least 0.012.
9. The photonic integrated circuit of claim 1 , wherein the base waveguides and the branch waveguides have a propagation loss of less than 0.5 dB/cm.
10. The photonic integrated circuit of claim 1 , wherein the polarizer waveguide comprises three 180-degree curves, consecutively coupled to one another to form a m shape.