Reduction of elimination of immune responses to non-intravenous, e.g., subcutaneously administered therapeutic proteins
This disclosure provides improved lipid-based compositions, including lipid nanoparticle compositions, and methods of use thereof for delivering nucleic acids in vivo. These compositions have reduced immune activation resulting in accelerated blood clearance and/or anti-drug antibodies and they have an improved toxicity profile and therapeutic index in vivo.
1. A method for sequentially delivering lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) and an mRNA encoding a protein incorporated therein, to a subject to produce therapeutically effective amounts of the protein, the method comprising:
administering a first dose of LNPs to the subject intravenously to produce a therapeutically effective amount of the protein, and
subcutaneously administering at least a second dose and a third dose of LNPs to the subject, wherein the third dose is administered within 2 to 3 weeks of the second or a prior dose, wherein the subject does not have an immune response that promotes accelerated blood clearance (ABC) and/or anti-drug antibody (ADA) to the second and third doses of LNPs and wherein the subject receives an effective amount of the mRNA for treating a disease, wherein the subcutaneous doses are administered within three weeks of one another and wherein the LNPs comprise a molar ratio of about 20-60% ionizable cationic lipid, 0.5-25% neutral lipid, 25-55% sterol, and 0.5-15% PEG-lipid and wherein the ionizable cationic lipid comprises a compound of Formula (I):
or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein:
R 1 is selected from the group consisting of C 5-30 alkyl, C 5-20 alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and —R″M′R′;
R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1-14 alkyl, C 2-14 alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and —R*OR″, or R 2 and R 3 , together with the atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle or carbocycle;
R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a C 3-6 carbocycle, —(CH 2 ) n Q, —(CH 2 ) n CHQR, —CHQR, —CQ(R) 2 , and unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, where Q is selected from a carbocycle, heterocycle, —OR, —O(CH 2 ) n N(R) 2 , —C(O)OR, —OC(O)R, —CX 3 , —CX 2 H, —CXH 2 , —CN, —N(R) 2 , —C(O)N(R) 2 , —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)S(O) 2 R, —N(R)C(O)N(R) 2 , —N(R)C(S)N(R) 2 , —N(R)R 8 , —O(CH 2 ) n OR, —N(R)C(═NR 9 )N(R) 2 , —N(R)C(═CHR 9 )N(R) 2 , —OC(O)N(R) 2 , —N(R)C(O)OR, —N(OR)C(O)R, —N(OR)S(O) 2 R, —N(OR)C(O)OR, —N(OR)C(O)N(R) 2 , —N(OR)C(S)N(R) 2 , —N(OR)C(═NR 9 )N(R) 2 , —N(OR)C(═CHR 9 )N(R) 2 , —C(═NR 9 )N(R) 2 , —C(═NR 9 )R, —C(O)N(R)OR, and —C(R)N(R) 2 C(O)OR, and each n is independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5;
each R 5 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H;
each R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H;
M and M′ are independently selected from —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)N(R′)—, —N(R′)C(O)—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —C(S)S—, —SC(S)—, —CH(OH)—, —P(O)(OR′)O—, —S(O) 2 —, —S—S—, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group;
R 7 is selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H;
R 8 is selected from the group consisting of C 3-6 carbocycle and heterocycle;
R 9 is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, NO 2 , C 1-6 alkyl, —OR, —S(O) 2 R, —S(O) 2 N(R) 2 , C 2-6 alkenyl, C 3-6 carbocycle and heterocycle;
each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H;
each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-18 alkyl, C 2-18 alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and H;
each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of C 3-14 alkyl and C 3-14 alkenyl;
each R* is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-12 alkyl and C 2-12 alkenyl;
each Y is independently a C 3-6 carbocycle;
each X is independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I; and
m is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein an additional dose is administered intravenously before the second and third doses of LNPs are administered subcutaneously.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subcutaneous doses are administered within two weeks of one another.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the protein is a secreted protein, an intracellular protein, or a transmembrane protein.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the immune response involves activation of T cells and wherein the T cells are not activated in the subject to a level which promotes ADA.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the LNPs comprise oleic acid or an oleic acid analog.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the LNPs are administered to the subject at multiple doses.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mRNA comprises at least one microRNA binding site for a microRNA expressed in immune cells.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the mRNA having at least one microRNA binding site causes unwanted immune cell activation to be reduced or inhibited in the subject.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the mRNA is chemically modified mRNA.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the mRNA comprises pseudouridine (ψ), pseudouridine (ψ) and 5-methyl-cytidine (m5C), 1-methyl-pseudouridine (m1ψ), 1-methyl-pseudouridine (m1ψ) and 5-methyl-cytidine (m5C), 2-thiouridine (s2U), 2-thiouridine and 5-methyl-cytidine (m5C), 5-methoxy-uridine (mo5U), 5-methoxy-uridine (mo5U) and 5-methyl-cytidine (m5C), 2′-O-methyl uridine, 2′-O-methyl uridine and 5-methyl-cytidine (m5C), N6-methyl-adenosine (m6A), N6-methyl-adenosine (m6A) and 5-methyl-cytidine (m5C), pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methylpseudouridine (m1ψ), 2-thiouridine, 4′-thiouridine, 5-methylcytosine, 2-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine, 2-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 2-thio-5-aza-uridine, 2-thio-dihydropseudouridine, 2-thio-dihydrouridine, 2-thio-pseudouridine, 4-methoxy-2-thio-pseudouridine, 4-methoxy-pseudouridine, 4-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 4-thio-pseudouridine, 5-aza-uridine, dihydropseudouridine, 5-methoxyuridine, or 2′-O-methyl uridine, or combinations thereof.
12. A method in a subject of increasing a therapeutic index of a therapeutic regimen involving lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-mediated mRNA drug delivery, the method comprising:
administering LNPs comprising an mRNA encoding a protein to the subject in multiple doses, each dose sequentially administered within three weeks of another dose,
wherein a first dose is administered intravenously and subsequent doses are administered via non-intravenous routes,
wherein the LNPs do not induce an immune response associated with reduced protein expression, such that an increased therapeutic index of the therapeutic regimen is achieved relative to administration of an LNP comprising an mRNA encoding a protein that induces an immune response associated with reduced protein expression, and wherein the LNP comprises a molar ratio of about 20-60% ionizable cationic lipid, 0.5-25% neutral lipid, 25-55% sterol, and 0.5-15% PEG-lipid and wherein the ionizable cationic lipid comprises a compound of Formula (I):
or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein:
R 1 is selected from the group consisting of C 5-30 alkyl, C 5-20 alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and —R″M′R′;
R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1-14 alkyl, C 2-14 alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and —R*OR″, or R 2 and R 3 , together with the atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle or carbocycle;
R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a C 3-6 carbocycle, —(CH 2 ) n Q, —(CH 2 ) n CHQR, —CHQR, —CQ(R) 2 , and unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, where Q is selected from a carbocycle, heterocycle, —OR, —O(CH 2 ) n N(R) 2 , —C(O)OR, —OC(O)R, —CX 3 , —CX 2 H, —CXH 2 , —CN, —N(R) 2 , —C(O)N(R) 2 , —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)S(O) 2 R, —N(R)C(O)N(R) 2 , —N(R)C(S)N(R) 2 , —N(R)R 8 , —O(CH 2 ) n OR, —N(R)C(═NR 9 )N(R) 2 , —N(R)C(═CHR 9 )N(R) 2 , —OC(O)N(R) 2 , —N(R)C(O)OR, —N(OR)C(O)R, —N(OR)S(O) 2 R, —N(OR)C(O)OR, —N(OR)C(O)N(R) 2 , —N(OR)C(S)N(R) 2 , —N(OR)C(═NR 9 )N(R) 2 , —N(OR)C(═CHR 9 )N(R) 2 , —C(═NR 9 )N(R) 2 , —C(═NR 9 )R, —C(O)N(R)OR, and —C(R)N(R) 2 C(O)OR, and each n is independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5;
each R 5 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H;
each R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H;
M and M′ are independently selected from —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)N(R′)—, —N(R′)C(O)—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —C(S)S—, —SC(S)—, —CH(OH)—, —P(O)(OR′)O—, —S(O) 2 —, —S—S—, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group;
R 7 is selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H;
R 8 is selected from the group consisting of C 3-6 carbocycle and heterocycle;
R 9 is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, NO 2 , C 1-6 alkyl, —OR, —S(O) 2 R, —S(O) 2 N(R) 2 , C 2-6 alkenyl, C 3-6 carbocycle and heterocycle;
each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H;
each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-18 alkyl, C 2-18 alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and H;
each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of C 3-14 alkyl and C 3-14 alkenyl;
each R* is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-12 alkyl and C 2-12 alkenyl;
each Y is independently a C 3-6 carbocycle;
each X is independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I; and
m is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13.
13. A method comprising
(i) administering a first dose of an LNP and an mRNA encoding a therapeutic or intracellular protein incorporated therein to a subject intravenously (IV),
(ii) administering a second or subsequent dose of the LNP to the subject via a non-IV route, (optionally, the second or subsequent dose is administered within 2 weeks of the first or prior dose), and
(iii) repeating step (ii) one or more times,
wherein the LNP comprises a molar ratio of about 20-60% ionizable cationic lipid, 0.5-25% neutral lipid, 25-55% sterol, and 0.5-15% PEG-lipid and wherein the ionizable cationic lipid comprises a compound of Formula (I):
or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein:
R 1 is selected from the group consisting of C 5-30 alkyl, C 5-20 alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and —R″M′R′;
R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1-14 alkyl, C 2-14 alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and —R*OR″, or R 2 and R 3 , together with the atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle or carbocycle;
R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a C 3-6 carbocycle, —(CH 2 ) n Q, —(CH 2 ) n CHQR, —CHQR, —CQ(R) 2 , and unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, where Q is selected from a carbocycle, heterocycle, —OR, —O(CH 2 ) n N(R) 2 , —C(O)OR, —OC(O)R, —CX 3 , —CX 2 H, —CXH 2 , —CN, —N(R) 2 , —C(O)N(R) 2 , —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)S(O) 2 R, —N(R)C(O)N(R) 2 , —N(R)C(S)N(R) 2 , —N(R)R 8 , —O(CH 2 ) n OR, —N(R)C(═NR 9 )N(R) 2 , —N(R)C(═CHR 9 )N(R) 2 , —OC(O)N(R) 2 , —N(R)C(O)OR, —N(OR)C(O)R, —N(OR)S(O) 2 R, —N(OR)C(O)OR, —N(OR)C(O)N(R) 2 , —N(OR)C(S)N(R) 2 , —N(OR)C(═NR 9 )N(R) 2 , —N(OR)C(═CHR 9 )N(R) 2 , —C(═NR 9 )N(R) 2 , —C(═NR 9 )R, —C(O)N(R)OR, and —C(R)N(R) 2 C(O)OR, and each n is independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5;
each R 5 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H;
each R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H;
M and M′ are independently selected from —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)N(R′)—, —N(R′)C(O)—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —C(S)S—, —SC(S)—, —CH(OH)—, —P(O)(OR′)O—, —S(O) 2 —, —S—S—, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group;
R 7 is selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H;
R 8 is selected from the group consisting of C 3-6 carbocycle and heterocycle;
R 9 is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, NO 2 , C 1-6 alkyl, —OR, —S(O) 2 R, —S(O) 2 N(R) 2 , C 2-6 alkenyl, C 3-6 carbocycle and heterocycle;
each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H;
each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-18 alkyl, C 2-18 alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and H;
each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of C 3-14 alkyl and C 3-14 alkenyl;
each R* is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-12 alkyl and C 2-12 alkenyl;
each Y is independently a C 3-6 carbocycle;
each X is independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I; and
m is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13.
14. A method for delivering an agent to a subject comprising:
(i) administering a first dose of an agent comprising an LNP and an mRNA encoding a therapeutic protein or intracellular protein incorporated therein to a subject intravenously,
(ii) administering a second or subsequent dose of the agent to the subject via a non-intravenous route, wherein the second or subsequent dose is administered within 2 to 3 weeks of the first or prior dose, and
(iii) repeating step (ii) one or more times,
Wherein the half-life of the agent after the second or subsequent dose is at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or more of the half-life of the agent after the first dose and wherein the LNP comprises a molar ratio of about 20-60% ionizable cationic lipid, 0.5-25% neutral lipid, 25-55% sterol, and 0.5-15% PEG-lipid and wherein the ionizable cationic lipid comprises a compound of Formula (I):
or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein:
R 1 is selected from the group consisting of C 5-30 alkyl, C 5-20 alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and —R″M′R′;
R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1-14 alkyl, C 2-14 alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and —R*OR″, or R 2 and R 3 , together with the atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle or carbocycle;
R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a C 3-6 carbocycle, —(CH 2 ) n Q, —(CH 2 ) n CHQR, —CHQR, —CQ(R) 2 , and unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, where Q is selected from a carbocycle, heterocycle, —OR, —O(CH 2 ) n N(R) 2 , —C(O)OR, —OC(O)R, —CX 3 , —CX 2 H, —CXH 2 , —CN, —N(R) 2 , —C(O)N(R) 2 , —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)S(O) 2 R, —N(R)C(O)N(R) 2 , —N(R)C(S)N(R) 2 , —N(R)R 8 , —O(CH 2 ) n OR, —N(R)C(═NR 9 )N(R) 2 , —N(R)C(═CHR 9 )N(R) 2 , —OC(O)N(R) 2 , —N(R)C(O)OR, —N(OR)C(O)R, —N(OR)S(O) 2 R, —N(OR)C(O)OR, —N(OR)C(O)N(R) 2 , —N(OR)C(S)N(R) 2 , —N(OR)C(═NR 9 )N(R) 2 , —N(OR)C(═CHR 9 )N(R) 2 , —C(═NR 9 )N(R) 2 , —C(═NR 9 )R, —C(O)N(R)OR, and —C(R)N(R) 2 C(O)OR, and each n is independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5;
each R 5 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H;
each R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H;
M and M′ are independently selected from —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)N(R′)—, —N(R′)C(O)—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —C(S)S—, —SC(S)—, —CH(OH)—, —P(O)(OR′)O—, —S(O) 2 —, —S—S—, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group;
R 7 is selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H;
R 8 is selected from the group consisting of C 3-6 carbocycle and heterocycle;
R 9 is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, NO 2 , C 1-6 alkyl, —OR, —S(O) 2 R, —S(O) 2 N(R) 2 , C 2-6 alkenyl, C 3-6 carbocycle and heterocycle;
each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H;
each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-18 alkyl, C 2-18 alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and H;
each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of C 3-14 alkyl and C 3-14 alkenyl;
each R* is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-12 alkyl and C 2-12 alkenyl;
each Y is independently a C 3-6 carbocycle;
each X is independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I; and
m is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13.
15. A method for delivering an agent to a subject comprising:
(i) administering a first dose of an agent comprising an LNP and an mRNA encoding a therapeutic protein or intracellular protein incorporated therein to a subject intravenously,
(ii) administering a second or subsequent dose of the agent to the subject via a non-intravenous route, wherein the second or subsequent dose is administered within 2 to 3 weeks of the first or prior dose, and
(iii) repeating step (ii) one or more times,
wherein the activity or blood concentration of the agent after the second or subsequent dose is at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or more of the activity or blood concentration of the agent after the first dose, and wherein the LNP comprises a molar ratio of about 20-60% ionizable cationic lipid, 0.5-25% neutral lipid, 25-55% sterol, and 0.5-15% PEG-lipid and wherein the ionizable cationic lipid comprises a compound of Formula (I):
or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein:
R 1 is selected from the group consisting of C 5-30 alkyl, C 5-20 alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and —R″M′R′;
R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1-14 alkyl, C 2-14 alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and —R*OR″, or R 2 and R 3 , together with the atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle or carbocycle;
R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a C 3-6 carbocycle, —(CH 2 ) n Q, —(CH 2 ) n CHQR, —CHQR, —CQ(R) 2 , and unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, where Q is selected from a carbocycle, heterocycle, —OR, —O(CH 2 ) n N(R) 2 , —C(O)OR, —OC(O)R, —CX 3 , —CX 2 H, —CXH 2 , —CN, —N(R) 2 , —C(O)N(R) 2 , —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)S(O) 2 R, —N(R)C(O)N(R) 2 , —N(R)C(S)N(R) 2 , —N(R)R 8 , —O(CH 2 ) n OR, —N(R)C(═NR 9 )N(R) 2 , —N(R)C(═CHR 9 )N(R) 2 , —OC(O)N(R) 2 , —N(R)C(O)OR, —N(OR)C(O)R, —N(OR)S(O) 2 R, —N(OR)C(O)OR, —N(OR)C(O)N(R) 2 , —N(OR)C(S)N(R) 2 , —N(OR)C(═NR 9 )N(R) 2 , —N(OR)C(═CHR 9 )N(R) 2 , —C(═NR 9 )N(R) 2 , —C(═NR 9 )R, —C(O)N(R)OR, and —C(R)N(R) 2 C(O)OR, and each n is independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5;
each R 5 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H;
each R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H;
M and M′ are independently selected from —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)N(R′)—, —N(R′)C(O)—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —C(S)S—, —SC(S)—, —CH(OH)—, —P(O)(OR′)O—, —S(O) 2 —, —S—S—, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group;
R 7 is selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H;
R 8 is selected from the group consisting of C 3-6 carbocycle and heterocycle;
R 9 is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, NO 2 , C 1-6 alkyl, —OR, —S(O) 2 R, —S(O) 2 N(R) 2 , C 2-6 alkenyl, C 3-6 carbocycle and heterocycle;
each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H;
each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-18 alkyl, C 2-18 alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and H;
each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of C 3-14 alkyl and C 3-14 alkenyl;
each R* is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-12 alkyl and C 2-12 alkenyl;
each Y is independently a C 3-6 carbocycle;
each X is independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I; and
m is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13.
16. A pharmaceutical composition of a subcutaneous formulation comprising a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) comprising an mRNA encoding a protein incorporated therein, wherein the mRNA comprises at least one miR-142 binding site and at least one miR-126 binding site, wherein the LNP and/or microRNA binding sites increases or increase a therapeutic index greater than 10% relative to a chemically modified mRNA encoding a protein alone, and wherein the LNP comprises a molar ratio of about 20-60% ionizable cationic lipid, 0.5-25% neutral lipid, 25-55% sterol, and 0.5-15% PEG-lipid and wherein the ionizable cationic lipid comprises a compound of Formula (I):
or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein:
R 1 is selected from the group consisting of C 5-30 alkyl, C 5-20 alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and —R″M′R′;
R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1-14 alkyl, C 2-14 alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and —R*OR″, or R 2 and R 3 , together with the atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle or carbocycle;
R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a C 3-6 carbocycle, —(CH 2 ) n Q, —(CH 2 ) n CHQR, —CHQR, —CQ(R) 2 , and unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, where Q is selected from a carbocycle, heterocycle, —OR, —O(CH 2 ) n N(R) 2 , —C(O)OR, —OC(O)R, —CX 3 , —CX 2 H, —CXH 2 , —CN, —N(R) 2 , —C(O)N(R) 2 , —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)S(O) 2 R, —N(R)C(O)N(R) 2 , —N(R)C(S)N(R) 2 , —N(R)R 8 , —O(CH 2 ) n OR, —N(R)C(═NR 9 )N(R) 2 , —N(R)C(═CHR 9 )N(R) 2 , —OC(O)N(R) 2 , —N(R)C(O)OR, —N(OR)C(O)R, —N(OR)S(O) 2 R, —N(OR)C(O)OR, —N(OR)C(O)N(R) 2 , —N(OR)C(S)N(R) 2 , —N(OR)C(═NR 9 )N(R) 2 , —N(OR)C(═CHR 9 )N(R) 2 , —C(═NR 9 )N(R) 2 , —C(═NR 9 )R, —C(O)N(R)OR, and —C(R)N(R) 2 C(O)OR, and each n is independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5;
each R 5 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H;
each R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H;
M and M′ are independently selected from —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)N(R′)—, —N(R′)C(O)—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —C(S)S—, —SC(S)—, —CH(OH)—, —P(O)(OR′)O—, —S(O) 2 —, —S—S—, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group;
R 7 is selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H;
R 8 is selected from the group consisting of C 3-6 carbocycle and heterocycle;
R 9 is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, NO 2 , C 1-6 alkyl, —OR, —S(O) 2 R, —S(O) 2 N(R) 2 , C 2-6 alkenyl, C 3-6 carbocycle and heterocycle;
each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H;
each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-18 alkyl, C 2-18 alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and H;
each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of C 3-14 alkyl and C 3-14 alkenyl;
each R* is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-12 alkyl and C 2-12 alkenyl;
each Y is independently a C 3-6 carbocycle;
each X is independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I; and
m is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13.