Treatment of type 1 diabetes

1. A device or system comprising:

a neural interfacing element comprising at least one electrode, suitable for placement on or around a pancreas-related sympathetic nerve of a subject, wherein the pancreas-related sympathetic nerve is a pancreas-related sympathetic nerve supplying a lymphatic system of the pancreas; and

a signal generator configured to generate a signal to be applied to the pancreas-related sympathetic nerve via the at least one electrode such that the signal reversibly modulates neural activity of the pancreas-related sympathetic nerve, wherein the signal inhibits T cell activation or migration to the pancreas to produce a change in a physiological parameter in the subject,

wherein the change in the physiological parameter is one or more of the group consisting of: an increase in blood insulin level, a reduction in (fasting) blood glucose level, a reduction in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level, a reduction in inflammation systemically or locally in the pancreas, such as insulitis an increase in catecholamine levels in the pancreas, an increase in GABA levels in the pancreas, and an increase in a number of pancreatic β cells in the pancreas.

2. The device or system of claim 1 , wherein the signal stimulates the neural activity of the pancreas-related sympathetic nerve.

3. The device or system of claim 1 , wherein the signal generator is a voltage or current source configured to generate an electrical signal to be applied to the pancreas-related sympathetic nerve via the at least one electrode.

4. The device or system of claim 3 , wherein the at least one electrode is a cuff electrode.

5. The device or system of claim 4 , wherein the cuff electrode is an electrode array configured to stimulate the pancreas-related sympathetic nerve in a selective manner.

6. The device or system of claim 3 , wherein the signal selectively stimulates neural activity of nerve fibers supplying the lymphatic system of the pancreas.

7. The device or system of claim 3 , wherein the electrical signal has a frequency between 0.1 Hz and 100 Hz.

8. The device or system of claim 3 , wherein the electrical signal has a current between 0.01 mA and 10 mA.

9. The device or system of claim 3 , wherein the electrical signal is a charge-balanced DC signal comprising a cathodic pulse and an anodic pulse.

10. The device or system of claim 1 , wherein the reduction in inflammation systemically is indicated by levels of circulating cytokines.

11. The device or system of claim 1 , wherein the reduction in inflammation systemically is indicated by levels of C reactive protein.

12. The device or system of claim 1 , wherein the reduction in inflammation locally in the pancreas is indicated by levels of C-peptide.

13. The device or system of claim 1 , wherein the reduction in inflammation locally in the pancreas is indicated by levels of autoreactive T cells.

14. The device or system of claim 1 , wherein the reduction in inflammation locally in the pancreas is indicated by levels of autoantibodies.

15. The device or system of claim 1 , comprising a detector for detecting one or more signals indicative of one or more physiological parameters; determining from the one or more signals one or more physiological parameters; determining the one or more physiological parameters indicative of worsening of the physiological parameter; and causing the signal to be applied to the pancreas-related sympathetic nerve via the at least one electrode.

16. The device or system of claim 1 , wherein the signal generator is configured to apply the electric signal for a finite period of time.

17. A method of reversibly modulating neural activity in a pancreas-related sympathetic nerve, comprising: (i) implanting in the subject a device or system of claim 1 ; (ii) positioning the neural interfacing element in signaling contact with the pancreas-related sympathetic nerve; and optionally (iii) activating the device or system.

18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the method is for treating type 1 diabetes (T1D).

19. The method of claim 17 , further comprising administering GABA, a GABA analogue, or a GABA-enhancing agent to the subject.

20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the GABA-enhancing agent is selected from the group consisting of benzodiazepines; barbiturates; baclofen; acamprosate; pregabalin; gabapentin; tiagabine; lamotrigine; topiramate; neuroactive steroids; nabiximols; and combinations thereof.