Lithium-stuffed garnet electrolytes with secondary phase inclusions
The instant disclosure sets forth multiphase lithium-stuffed garnet electrolytes having secondary phase inclusions, wherein these secondary phase inclusions are material(s) which is/are not a cubic phase lithium-stuffed garnet but which is/are entrapped or enclosed within a lithium-stuffed garnet. When the secondary phase inclusions described herein are included in a lithium-stuffed garnet at 30-0.1 volume %, the inclusions stabilize the multiphase matrix and allow for improved sintering of the lithium-stuffed garnet. The electrolytes described herein, which include lithium-stuffed garnet with secondary phase inclusions, have an improved sinterability and density compared to phase pure cubic lithium-stuffed garnet having the formula Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 .
1. A multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte comprising:
a primary cubic phase lithium-stuffed garnet characterized by the chemical formula Li A La B Al C M″ D Zr E O F , wherein 5<A<8; 1.5<B<4; 0.1<C<2; 0≤D<2; 1<E<3; 10<F<13; and M″ is selected from the group consisting of Mo, W, Nb, Y, Ta, Ga, Sb, Ca, Ba, Sr, Ce, Hf, and Rb;
a secondary phase inclusion;
wherein:
the primary cubic phase lithium-stuffed garnet is present in the multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte at about 70 volume percent to 99.9 volume percent with respect to the volume of the multiphase thin film electrolyte; and
the secondary phase inclusion is present in the multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte at about 0.1 volume percent to 30 volume percent with respect to the volume of the multiphase thin film electrolyte,
wherein the secondary phase inclusion includes at least three materials selected from the group consisting of:
tetragonal phase garnet; La 2 Zr 2 O 7 ; La 2 O 3 ; LaAlO 3 ; La 2 (Li 0.5 Al 0.5 )O 4 ; LiLaO 2 ; LiZr 2 O 3 ; Li a Zr b O c , wherein 1≤a≤8, 1≤b≤2, and 1≤c≤7, and wherein subscripts a, b, and c are selected so that Li a Zr b O c is charge neutral; Li g Al h O i , wherein 1≤g≤5, 1≤h≤5, and 2≤i≤8, and wherein subscripts g, h, i are selected so that Li g Al h O i is charge neutral; and combinations thereof,
wherein the secondary phase inclusion in the multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte comprises LiAlO 2 present in the multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte at about 0.1-25 vol %.
2. The multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the secondary phase inclusion d 50 grain size is less than 10 μm.
3. The multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the primary cubic phase lithium-stuffed garnet grain size d 50 is from about 0.5 μm-10 μm.
4. The multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the secondary phase inclusions comprise more than one type of secondary phase inclusions.
5. The multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the secondary phase inclusions comprise at least two, three or four types of secondary phase inclusions.
6. The multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the thickness of the thin film solid-state electrolyte is between about 0.1 μm to about 200 μm.
7. The multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the thickness of the thin film solid-state electrolyte is between 10 nm and 100 μm.
8. The multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the thin film solid-state electrolyte has an area of at least 25 cm 2 .
9. The multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the secondary phase inclusion comprises at least four materials selected from the group consisting of:
tetragonal phase garnet; La 2 Zr 2 O 7 ; La 2 O 3 ; LaAlO 3 ; La 2 (Li 0.5 Al 0.5 )O 4 ; LiLaO 2 ; LiZr 2 O 3 ;
Li a Zr b O c , wherein 1≤a≤8, 1≤b≤2, and 1≤c≤7, and wherein subscripts a, b, and c are selected so that Li a Zr b O c is charge neutral; and
Li g Al h O i , wherein 1≤g≤5, 1≤h≤5, and 2≤i≤8, and wherein subscripts g, h, i are selected so that Li g Al h O i is charge neutral.
10. The multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the total amount of secondary phase inclusion is 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 vol %.
11. The multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the secondary phase inclusion comprises La 2 Zr 2 O 7 ; LiAlO 2 ; LaAlO 3 ; tetragonal garnet; and Li 2 ZrO 3 .
12. The multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the secondary phase inclusion comprises La 2 Zr 2 O 7 ; tetragonal garnet; Li a Zr b O c , wherein 1≤a≤8, 1≤b≤2, and 1≤c≤7, and wherein subscripts a, b, and c are selected so that Li a Zr b O c is charge neutral.
13. The multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the secondary phase inclusion comprises La 2 Zr 2 O 7 ; tetragonal garnet; Li a Zr b O c , wherein 1≤a≤8, 1≤b≤2, and 1≤c≤7, and wherein subscripts a, b, and c are selected so that Li a Zr b O c is charge neutral.
14. The multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the secondary phase inclusion in the multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte comprises LiAlO 2 present in the multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte at about 0.1-25 vol %, Li 2 ZrO 3 present in the multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte at about 0.1-15 vol % and LaAlO 3 present in the multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte at about 0.1-15 vol %, as measured by quantitative XRD.
15. The multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the secondary phase inclusion in the multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte comprises LiAlO 2 present in the multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte at about 3-8 vol %, Li 2 ZrO 3 present in the multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte at about 1-10 vol % and LaAlO 3 present in the multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte at about 1-8 vol %, as measured by quantitative XRD.
16. The multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte of claim 1 , where the multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte has a total porosity of less than 5 vol % as determined by SEM.
17. The multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the 90 th percentile largest pore has no lateral extent larger than 5 μm as measured by cross-section electron microscopy.
18. A process of making a composition, wherein the compositions comprises:
a primary cubic phase lithium-stuffed garnet characterized by the chemical formula Li A La B Al C M″ D Zr E O F , wherein 5<A<8; 1.5<B<4; 0.1<C<2; 0≤D<2; 1<E<3; 10<F<13; and M″ is selected from the group consisting of Mo, W, Nb, Y, Ta, Ga, Sb, Ca, Ba, Sr, Ce, Hf, and Rb;
a secondary phase inclusion;
wherein:
the primary cubic phase lithium-stuffed garnet is present at about 70 volume percent to 99.9 volume percent with respect to the volume of the composition; and
the secondary phase inclusion is present at about 0.1 volume percent to 30 volume percent-with respect to the volume of the composition;
the process comprising the following steps:
(a) providing a mixture of lithium-stuffed garnet chemical precursors, wherein an amount of Al in the mixture exceeds a solubility limit of Al in the primary cubic phase lithium-stuffed garnet; and
(b) calcining the mixture by heating it to at least 800° C.,
wherein the secondary phase inclusion includes at least three materials selected from the group consisting of: tetragonal phase garnet; La 2 Zr 2 O 7 ; La 2 O 3 ; LaAlO 3 ; La 2 (Li 0.5 Al 0.5 )O 4 ; LiLaO 2 ; LiZr 2 O 3 ; Li a Zr b O c , wherein 1≤a≤8, 1≤b≤2, and 1≤c≤7, and wherein subscripts a, b, and c are selected so that Li a Zr b O c is charge neutral; Li g Al h O i , wherein 1≤g≤5, 1≤h≤5, and 2≤i≤8, and wherein subscripts g, h, i are selected so that Li g Al h O i is charge neutral; and combinations thereof,
wherein the secondary phase inclusion in the multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte comprises LiAlO 2 present in the multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte at about 0.1-25 vol %.
19. The multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the secondary phase inclusion in the multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte comprises LiAlO 2 present in the multiphase thin film solid-state electrolyte at about 3-8 vol %.