METHODS AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF FIBROSIS WITH AGENTS CAPABLE OF INHIBITING THE ACTIVATION OF MUCOSAL-ASSOCIATED INVARIANT T (MAIT) CELLS
Persistent inflammation is a driving force of fibrosis progression. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells are non-conventional T cells that display altered functions during chronic inflammatory diseases. Here, the inventors report a loss of circulating MAIT cells in cirrhotic patients and their hepatic accumulation in an activated phenotype within the fibrotic septa. Using two models of chronic liver injury, the inventors demonstrate that mice enriched in MAIT cells (Vα19TCRTg) show exacerbated liver fibrosis and higher number of hepatic fibrogenic cells than wild type counterparts, whereas MAIT cell-deficient mice (MR1 −/− mice) are resistant. The results highlight the profibrogenic functions of MAIT cells and suggest that 1 targeting MAIT cells may constitute an attractive antifibrogenic strategy during chronic liver injury. Accordingly, the present invention relates to a method of treating fibrosis in a patient in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an agent capable of inhibiting the activation of MAIT cells.
1 . A method of treating fibrosis in a patient in need thereof comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of an agent capable of inhibiting the activation of MAIT cells.
2 . The method of claim 1 wherein the fibrosis affects at least one organ selected from the group consisting of skin, eye, intestine, heart, liver, lung, and kidney.
3 . The method of claim 1 wherein the patient suffers from dermal scar formation, keloids, liver fibrosis, lung fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, glomerulosclerosis, pulmonary fibrosis, renal fibrosis, intestinal fibrosis, interstitial fibrosis, cystic fibrosis of the pancreas and lungs, injection fibrosis, endomyocardial fibrosis, mediastinal fibrosis, myelofibrosis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, progressive massive fibrosis, or nephrogenic systemic fibrosis.
4 . The method of claim 1 wherein the patient suffers from liver fibrosis.
5 . The method of claim 4 wherein the liver fibrosis results from chronic alcohol consumption, overfeeding, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NASH, steatosis, idiopathic portal hypertension, autoimmune hepatitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, or primary biliary cirrhosis.
6 . The method of claim 4 wherein the liver fibrosis is associated with liver steatosis.
7 . The method of claim 1 wherein the agent capable of inhibiting the activation of MATT cells is an antibody.
8 . The method of claim 1 wherein the agent is an antibody that depletes MAIT cells.
9 . The method of claim 1 wherein the agent is an anti-Vα7.2-Jα33 depleting antibody.
10 . The method of claim 8 wherein the antibody that depletes MATT cells mediates antibody-dependent-cellular-cytotoxicity (ADCC).
11 . The method of claim 8 wherein the antibody antibody that depletes MAIT cells is conjugated to an auristatin or a peptide analog, derivative or prodrug thereof.
12 . The method of claim 1 wherein the agent is an antibody that blocks the interaction between MR1 and Vα7.2-Jα33 receptors.
13 . The method of claim 1 wherein the agent is an anti-MR1 neutralizing antibody.
14 . The method of claim 1 wherein the agent is an anti-Vα7.2-Jα33 neutralizing antibody.
15 . The method of claim 13 wherein the anti-MR1 neutralizing antibody does not mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and thus does not comprise an Fe portion that induces antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).
16 . The method of claim 1 wherein the agent capable of inhibiting the activation of MAIT cells is a small organic molecule.
17 . The method of claim 16 wherein the small organic molecule is selected from the group consisting of 6-formyl pterin, acetyl-6-formylpterin (Ac-6-FP), 3-formylsalicylic acid (3-F-SA), 5-formylsalicylic acid (5-F-SA) and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde (2-OH-1-NA).