Fracturing method using low-viscosity fluid with low proppant settling rate
A fluid design with enhanced proppant-carrying capacity utilizes a low-viscosity fluid with high proppant carrying capacity and low required power for injection into a hydrocarbon-bearing, subterranean formation. A preferred viscosifying agent that comprises a copolymer polymerized from an acrylic acid monomer and a monomer selected from: a) at least one carboxylic acid monomer; b) at least one C 1 to C 5 alkyl ester and/or at least one C 1 to C 5 hydroxyalkyl ester of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid; c) one crosslinking monomer; and optionally d) at least one α,β-ethylenically unsaturated monomer, may be used to produce a fracturing fluid that has the pumpability of a slick water fluid and the proppant-carrying ability of a cross-linked gel. An optimization process to optimize hydraulic fracture design evaluates and quantifies the proppant-carrying capacity of the invented fluid and its impact in the proppant transport during fracturing.
1. A hydraulic fracturing system, comprising:
a base carrier fluid;
a viscosifying agent added to the base carrier fluid, the viscosifying agent comprising a copolymer polymerized using two different monomers, wherein a molecular weight of the copolymer is about 1×10 9 Daltons, wherein a first of the two different monomers is an acrylic acid monomer, and wherein a second of the two different monomers is selected from the group consisting of: a) a carboxylic acid monomer, b) a C 1 to C 5 alkyl ester and/or a C 1 to C 5 hydroxyalkyl ester of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, and c) a crosslinking monomer; and
a proppant suspended in the base carrier fluid having the viscosifying agent,
wherein the base fluid having the viscosifying agent comprises:
a viscosity of 20 cP to 150 cP at ambient temperature at 511 1/s with R1:B1 bob configuration and equivalent viscosity with R1:B5 and R1:B2 configurations;
a pumpability of as much as 60 bbl/minute; and
a proppant-carrying capacity to carry the proppant at a concentration ranging from 0.1 lb/gl to 20 lbs/gl and suspending behavior greater than that of a 1000-cP system.
2. A method to hydraulically fracture a formation, the method comprising:
suspending a proppant in a fracturing fluid comprising a base carrier fluid and a viscosifying agent, the viscosifying agent comprising a copolymer polymerized using two different monomers, wherein a molecular weight of the copolymer is about 1×10 9 Daltons, wherein a first of the two different monomers is an acrylic acid monomer, and wherein a second of the two different monomers is selected from the group consisting of: a) a carboxylic acid monomer, b) a C 1 to C 5 alkyl ester and/or a C 1 to C 5 hydroxyalkyl ester of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, and c) a crosslinking monomer, wherein the fracturing fluid with the viscosifying agent comprises:
a viscosity of 20 cP to 150 cP at ambient temperature at 511 1/s with R1:B1 bob configuration and equivalent viscosity with R1:B5 and R1:B2 configurations;
a pumpability at least as great as 60 bbl/minute; and
a proppant-carrying capacity to carry the proppant at a concentration ranging from 0.1 lb/gl to 20 lbs/gl and suspending behavior greater than that of a 1000-cP system; and
injecting the fracturing fluid, comprising the viscosifying agent and the suspended proppant, into the formation in a fracturing operation.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the carboxylic acid monomer is selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, fumaric acid, crotonic acid, aconitic acid, maleic acid, and combinations thereof.
4. The method of claim 2 wherein the carboxylic acid monomer comprises about 20% to about 80% by weight of the copolymer.
5. The method of claim 2 wherein the C 1 to C 5 alkyl ester and/or a C 1 to C 5 hydroxyalkyl ester of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid comprises about 80% to about 15% by weight of the copolymer.
6. The method of claim 2 wherein the C 1 to C 5 alkyl ester is a C 1 to C 5 hydroxyalkyl ester of acrylic acid.
7. The method of claim 2 wherein the C 1 to C 5 alkyl ester is a C 1 to C 5 hydroxyalkyl ester of methacrylic acid.
8. The method of claim 2 wherein the crosslinking monomer comprises about 0.01% to about 5% by weight of the copolymer.
9. The method of claim 2 wherein the copolymer is a random copolymer.
10. The method of claim 2 wherein acrylic acid monomer is a predominant monomer in the copolymer.
11. The method of claim 2 , further comprising:
injecting a breaker into the formation; and
recovering at least a portion of the fracturing fluid by flow back.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the breaker is selected from the group consisting of an oxidative breaker, an ammonium persulfate breaker, and a peroxide breaker.
13. The method of claim 2 , wherein the method comprises selecting fracturing parameters for the fracturing operation; and wherein injecting the fracturing fluid in the fracturing operation comprises delivering the fracturing fluid to the formation at the selected fracturing parameters.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein selecting the fracturing parameters comprises:
selecting at least one characteristic of the fracturing fluid, a type of the proppant, a concentration of the proppant, and a pumping rate for the fracturing fluid; and
performing numerical analysis to assess the proppant-carrying capacity of the fracturing fluid based on the selections.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the at least one selected characteristic of the fracturing fluid comprises the viscosity and a density of the fracturing fluid.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein selecting the fracturing parameters comprises performing one or more simulations to one or more of:
predict a hydraulic fracture propagation, a fracture height growth, and a natural fracture reactivation;
model proppant transport within both main hydraulic fractures and a reactivated natural fracture network;
assess proppant embedment, crush, and fracture surface closure behavior during production; and
forecast production efficiency.
17. The method of claim 2 wherein the viscosifying agent further comprises at least one a,β-ethylenically unsaturated monomer.
18. The method of claim 17 wherein the at least one a, β-ethylenically unsaturated monomer is selected from the group consisting of:
(i) CH 2 ═C(R)C(O)OR 1 where R is selected from hydrogen or methyl, and where R 1 is selected from C 6 -C 10 alkyl, C 6 to C 10 hydroxyalkyl, —(CH 2 ) 2 OCH 2 CH 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)OH, and salts thereof;
(ii) CH 2 ═C(R)X where R is hydrogen or methyl, and where X is selected from —C 6 H 5 , —CN, —C(O)NH 2 , —NC 4 H 6 O, —C(O)NHC (CH 3 ) 3 , —C(O)N(CH 3 ) 2 , —C(O)NHC(CH 3 MCH 2 ) 4 CH 3 , —C(O)NHC(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 S(O)(O)OH, and salts thereof;
(iii) CH 2 ═CHOC(O)R 1 where R 1 is a linear or branched C 1 -C 18 alkyl; and
(iv) CH 2 ═C(R)C(O)OAOR 2 where A is a divalent radical selected from —CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 — and —CH 2 CH(CH 2 OH)—, where R is selected from hydrogen or methyl, and where R 2 is an acyl residue of a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated C 10 to C 22 fatty acid.
19. The method of claim 17 wherein the at least one a,β-ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprises about 1% to about 35% by weight of the copolymer.