NEUROMODULATION OF BARORECEPTOR REFLEX

1 . A system for modulating neural activity in a subject's aortic depressor nerve (ADN) and/or carotid sinus nerve (CSN), the system comprising:

at least one neural interfacing element having at least one electrode arranged to be in signaling contact with the nerve, and

at least one voltage or current source arranged to generate at least one signal to be applied to the nerve via the at least one electrode to modulate the neural activity of the nerve to produce a change in a physiological parameter in the subject,

wherein the change in the physiological parameter is one or more of the group consisting of: a decrease in mean arterial pressure, a decrease in heart rate, an increase in minute ventilation, an improvement in the regularity of the heart rhythm, an improvement in heart conduction, an increase in heart contractility, a decrease in vascular resistance, an increase in cardiac output, an increase in blood flow, an increase in minute ventilation, an increase in a hemodynamic response, a decrease in a chronotropic evoked response, a decrease in a dromotropic evoked response, a decrease in a lusitropic evoked response, a decrease in an inotropic evoked response, and a decrease in pain perception;

wherein the total intensity of the signal received by the nerve is below a predetermined threshold, the predetermined threshold defined as the total intensity of a signal required to be received by the ADN and/or CSN to produce a ≤30 mmHg drop in the mean arterial blood pressure, and/or wherein the signal is an intermittent signal with a predetermined duty cycle.

2 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one signal is to be applied to the ADN, and the at least one electrode is suitable for placement on or around the ADN.

3 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one signal is to be applied to the CSN, wherein the at least one electrode is suitable for placement on or around the CSN.

4 . The system of claim 1 , wherein a first signal is to be applied to the ADN and a second signal is to be applied to the CSN, wherein a first electrode is suitable for placement on or around ADN and a second electrode is suitable for placement on or around the CSN, wherein the first signal is to be applied via the first electrode and the second signal is to be applied via the second electrode.

5 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the signal is to be applied to the ADN and/or CSN unilaterally or bilaterally.

6 . The system of claim 4 , wherein the signal is to be applied to the ADN and the CNS ipsilaterally.

7 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the predetermined threshold is ≤30 μs.

8 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the total intensity received by the nerve from the signal is between 0.1T INT and 0.9T INT , where T INT is the predetermined threshold.

9 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the signal has a predetermined duty cycle of ≤65%.

10 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the signal has a pulse width of ≤1 ms.

11 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the frequency of the signal is ≤70 Hz.

12 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the amplitude of the signal is 0.4-2 mA.

13 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the signal is applied in a (ON y -OFF z ) n pattern where n>1, y>0, and z>0, and the signal is applied for: (a) ≤20 s, or (b) ≤30 min at any given time up to 12 times a day.

14 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the signal is to be applied to the nerve before waking.

15 .- 16 . (canceled)

17 . The system of claim 1 , comprising a detector (e.g. physiological sensor subsystem) configured to:

detect one or more signals indicative of one or more physiological parameters; determine from the one or more signals one or more physiological parameters;

determine the one or more physiological parameters indicative of worsening of the physiological parameter; and

cause the signal to be applied to the ADN and/or CSN via the at least one electrode,

wherein the physiological parameter is one or more of the group consisting of: systemic arterial blood pressure (systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, or mean arterial pressure), heart rate, heart rhythm, electrical conduction in the heart and heart contractility (e.g. ventricular pressure, ventricular contractility, activation-recovery interval, effective refractory period, stroke volume, ejection fraction, end diastolic fraction, stroke work, arterial elastance), vascular resistance (e.g. total peripheral resistance), cardiac output, rate of blood flow (e.g. systemic blood flow, or cerebral blood flow), minute ventilation, and pain perception.

18 . The system of claim 17 , further comprising a memory arranged to store data pertaining to physiological parameters indicative of a disorder associated with malfunction or loss of the baroreceptor reflex, wherein determining the one or more physiological parameters indicative of worsening of the physiological parameter comprises comparing the one or more physiological parameters with the data.

19 . The system of claim 17 , wherein one of the physiological parameters is the arterial blood pressure, the system further comprising one or more electrical sensors for attachment to the heart.

20 - 21 . (canceled)

22 . A method of treating or preventing a disorder associated with malfunction or loss of the baroreceptor reflex in a subject by reversibly modulating neural activity of a subject's aortic depressor nerve (ADN) and/or carotid sinus nerve (CSN), comprising: (i) implanting in the subject a system of claim 1 ; positioning the neural interfacing element in signaling contact with the ADN and/or CSN; and optionally (iii) activating the system.

23 . The method of claim 22 , wherein the method is for treating or preventing a cardiovascular disorder and a disorder associated therewith, or a cardiorespiratory and a disorder associated therewith.

24 . A method for treating or preventing a disorder associated with malfunction or loss of the baroreceptor reflex, comprising:

applying a signal to a subject's aortic depressor nerve (ADN) and/or carotid sinus nerve (CSN) via at least one neural interfacing element having at least one electrode in signaling contact with the ADN and/or CSN, such that the signal reversibly modulates neural activity of the ADN and/or CSN to produce a change in a physiological parameter in the subject,

wherein the change in the physiological parameter is one or more of the group consisting of: a decrease in mean arterial pressure, a decrease in heart rate, an increase in minute ventilation, an improvement in the regularity of the heart rhythm, an improvement in heart conduction, an increase in heart contractility, a decrease in vascular resistance, an increase in cardiac output, an increase in blood flow, an increase in minute ventilation, an increase in a hemodynamic response, a decrease in a chronotropic evoked response, a decrease in a dromotropic evoked response, a decrease in a lusitropic evoked response, a decrease in an inotropic evoked response, and a decrease in pain perception,

wherein the total intensity of the signal received by the nerve is below a predetermined threshold, the predetermined threshold defined as the total intensity of a signal required to be received by the ADN and/or CSN to produce a ≤30 mmHg drop in the mean arterial blood pressure, and/or wherein the signal is an intermittent signal with a predetermined duty cycle.

25 .- 34 . (canceled)