Layout for inter-bed cooling in sulfuric acid plants
In a converter for the catalytic oxidation of SO 2 to SO 3 in a sulfuric acid plant, which comprises a boiler section for the cooling of process gas between catalytic layers (beds), one or more water tube boilers (inter-bed boilers) having horizontal or slightly sloped tubes are used to cool the process gas between the catalytic layers (beds) in the converter. Each water tube boiler is provided with a process gas side bypass to control the temperature to the downstream catalyst layer.
1. A converter comprising a converter shell for the catalytic oxidation of SO 2 to SO 3 in a sulfuric acid plant, said converter comprising a boiler section for the cooling of process gas between an upstream catalytic layer and a downstream catalytic layer,
wherein the boiler section comprises one or more water tube boilers used to cool the process gas between the upstream catalytic layer and the downstream catalytic layer in the converter of the plant,
wherein the converter further comprises a hot gas line attached to the upstream catalytic layer so that some process gas bypasses the boiler section, wherein the hot gas line is used to control the temperature of the downstream catalytic layer, and
the converter further comprising a cooled process gas line from the boiler section, wherein a damper is located on the cooled process gas line and/or the hot gas line.
2. The converter according to claim 1 , wherein each water tube boiler has horizontal or slightly sloped tubes, and the gas flow is vertical.
3. The converter according to claim 2 , wherein the tube slope is in the range 0° to 15° from horizontal.
4. The converter according to claim 2 , wherein the tubes have one or more passes.
5. The converter according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more water tube boilers have vertical tubes, and the gas flow is horizontal.
6. The converter according to claim 1 , wherein the tubes of the water tube boilers are bare, fitted with fins or have a combination of finned and bare tubes.
7. The converter according to claim 1 , wherein at least one water tube boiler is placed within the converter shell.
8. The converter according to claim 1 , wherein at least one water tube boiler is placed outside the converter shell.
9. The converter according to claim 1 , further comprising a mixing point that receives the bypassed process gas from the hot gas line and cooled process gas from a cooled process gas line from the boiler section, wherein the converter comprises a damper on the cooled process gas line between an outlet of the boiler section and the mixing point.
10. The converter according to claim 9 , further comprising a mixer downstream from the mixing point.
11. The converter according to claim 1 , wherein an amount of bypassed process gas and/or an amount of cooled process gas are controllable.
12. The converter according to claim 1 , wherein the damper is on the hot gas line.
13. A converter comprising a converter shell for the catalytic oxidation of SO 2 to SO 3 in a sulfuric acid plant, said converter comprising a boiler section for the cooling of process gas between an upstream catalytic layer and a downstream catalytic layer,
wherein the boiler section comprises one or more water tube boilers used to cool the process gas between the upstream catalytic layer and the downstream catalytic layer in the converter of the plant,
wherein the converter further comprises a hot gas line attached to the upstream catalytic layer so that some process gas bypasses the boiler section, wherein the hot gas line is used to control the temperature of the downstream catalytic layer, and
the converter further comprising a mixing point that receives the bypassed process gas from the hot gas line and cooled process gas from the boiler section, wherein the converter comprises a damper for the process gas going to the boiler section, said damper being located between an outlet of the upstream catalytic layer and an inlet to the boiler section.
14. The converter according to claim 13 , further comprising a mixer downstream from the mixing point.