Voltammetric sensors prepared from composite materials and optionally using microfabrication techniques enable detection of analyte in sample volumes under ten microliters.
1. An electrochemical analyte sensor comprising a substrate coated with a functionalized anthraquinone moiety selected from the group consisting of:
2. The electrochemical analyte sensor of claim 1 , wherein the functionalized anthraquinone moiety is covalently bound to the substrate.
3. The electrochemical analyte sensor of claim 1 , wherein the substrate is a working electrode comprising a polymeric material composed of polyvinyl alcohol and silica.
4. The electrochemical analyte sensor of claim 1 , further comprising a reference electrode having a reference junction composed of a composite formed from an ionic liquid, a conductive material, and a polymer.
5. The electrochemical analyte sensor of claim 4 , wherein the conductive material is a conductive solid matrix comprising the ionic liquid and a carbon allotrope, and wherein the ionic liquid is a room temperature ionic liquid.
6. The electrochemical analyte sensor of claim 5 , wherein the room temperature ionic liquid is proton permeable.
7. The electrochemical analyte sensor of claim 5 , wherein the carbon allotrope is electrically conductive.
8. A device, comprising:
an analyte sensor comprising a substrate coated with a functionalized anthraquinone moiety selected from the group consisting of:
and
at least one of an electrical contact point for applying electrical current, a controller unit, a processor unit, a program, an algorithm, and a probe for performing voltammetric scanning of the analyte sensor, wherein simultaneous analyte concentration measurements are made at the analyte sensor.
9. The device of claim 8 , wherein the functionalized anthraquinone moiety is a redox active material.
10. The device of claim 8 , wherein the substrate is a working electrode comprising a polymeric material composed of polyvinyl alcohol and silica.
11. The device of claim 8 , wherein the analyte sensor comprises a reference electrode having a reference junction composed of a composite formed from an ionic liquid, a conductive material, and a polymer.
12. The device of claim 11 , wherein the conductive material is a conductive solid matrix comprising the ionic liquid and a carbon allotrope, and wherein the ionic liquid is a room temperature ionic liquid.
13. The device of claim 12 , wherein the room temperature ionic liquid is proton permeable.
14. The device of claim 12 , wherein the carbon allotrope is electrically conductive.