D-amphetamine compounds, compositions, and processes for making and using the same

1. A compound having the structure of Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,

where X is selected from the group consisting of esters, carboxylic acids, amino acids, amino acid residues, amides, and derivatives thereof, wherein when X is an amide, at least one amide substituent is hydrogen, or at least one amide substituent comprises at least two carbons,

and Y is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkenyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, alkylaryl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocycle.

2. The compound of claim 1 having the structure of Formula IB or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound:

where X is A-COO—R;

where A is either absent or, when present, is selected from the group consisting of alkenyl, alkenylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, alkylamino, alkylaminocarbonyl, alkylammonium, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylthio, alkynyl, alkynylaminocarbonyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkenyl, arylalkoxy, arylalkyl, arylalkynyl, arylamino, arylaminocarbonyl, arylammonium, arylazo, arylcarbonyl, arylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonyloxy, arylcycloalkyl, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfinylalkyl, arylsulfonyl, arylsulfonylamino, arylthio, arylthioalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkenylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylamino, cycloalkyloxy, cycloalkynyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylamino, heteroarylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonylamino, heteroaryloxo, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylsulfinyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, heteroarylthio, polycycloalkenyl, polycycloalkenylalkyl, polycycloalkyl, polycycloalkylalkyl, and polyethylene glycol; and

where R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkenyl, alkenylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, alkylamino, alkylaminocarbonyl, alkylammonium, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylthio, alkynyl, alkynylaminocarbonyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkenyl, arylalkoxy, arylalkyl, arylalkynyl, arylamino, arylaminocarbonyl, arylammonium, arylazo, arylcarbonyl, arylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonyloxy, arylcycloalkyl, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfinylalkyl, arylsulfonyl, arylsulfonylamino, arylthio, arylthioalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkenylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylamino, cycloalkyloxy, cycloalkynyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylamino, heteroarylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonylamino, heteroaryloxo, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylsulfinyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, heteroarylthio, polycycloalkenyl, polycycloalkenylalkyl, polycycloalkyl, polycycloalkylalkyl, and polyethylene glycol.

3. The compound of claim 1 having the structure of Formula ID or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound:

where X is A-CO—NR 1 R 2 ;

where A is either absent or, when present, is selected from the group consisting of alkenyl, alkenylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, alkylamino, alkylaminocarbonyl, alkylammonium, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylthio, alkynyl, alkynylaminocarbonyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkenyl, arylalkoxy, arylalkyl, arylalkynyl, arylamino, arylaminocarbonyl, arylammonium, arylazo, arylcarbonyl, arylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonyloxy, arylcycloalkyl, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfinylalkyl, arylsulfonyl, arylsulfonylamino, arylthio, arylthioalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkenylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylamino, cycloalkyloxy, cycloalkynyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylamino, heteroarylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonylamino, heteroaryloxo, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylsulfinyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, heteroarylthio, polycycloalkenyl, polycycloalkenylalkyl, polycycloalkyl, polycycloalkylalkyl, and polyethylene glycol; and

where at least one of R 1 and R 2 is hydrogen, or at least one of R 1 and R 2 comprises at least two carbons, wherein if R 1 is hydrogen or comprises at least two carbons and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of alkenyl, alkenylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, alkylamino, alkylaminocarbonyl, alkylammonium, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylthio, alkynyl, alkynylaminocarbonyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkenyl, arylalkoxy, arylalkyl, arylalkynyl, arylamino, arylaminocarbonyl, arylammonium, arylazo, arylcarbonyl, arylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonyloxy, arylcycloalkyl, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfinylalkyl, arylsulfonyl, arylsulfonylamino, arylthio, arylthioalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkenylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylamino, cycloalkyloxy, cycloalkynyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylamino, heteroarylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonylamino, heteroaryloxo, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylsulfinyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, heteroarylthio, polycycloalkenyl, polycycloalkenylalkyl, polycycloalkyl, polycycloalkylalkyl, and polyethylene glycol;

wherein if R 2 is hydrogen or comprises at least two carbons and R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of alkenyl, alkenylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, alkylamino, alkylaminocarbonyl, alkylammonium, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylthio, alkynyl, alkynylaminocarbonyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkenyl, arylalkoxy, arylalkyl, arylalkynyl, arylamino, arylaminocarbonyl, arylammonium, arylazo, arylcarbonyl, arylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonyloxy, arylcycloalkyl, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfinylalkyl, arylsulfonyl, arylsulfonylamino, arylthio, arylthioalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkenylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylamino, cycloalkyloxy, cycloalkynyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylamino, heteroarylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonylamino, heteroaryloxo, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylsulfinyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, heteroarylthio, polycycloalkenyl, polycycloalkenylalkyl, polycycloalkyl, polycycloalkylalkyl, and polyethylene glycol.

4. The compound of claim 2 or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound, wherein A is absent, Y is hydrogen, and the compound has the structure of formula IIB:

where R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkenyl, alkenylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, alkylamino, alkylaminocarbonyl, alkylammonium, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylthio, alkynyl, alkynylaminocarbonyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkenyl, arylalkoxy, arylalkyl, arylalkynyl, arylamino, arylaminocarbonyl, arylammonium, arylazo, arylcarbonyl, arylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonyloxy, arylcycloalkyl, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfinylalkyl, arylsulfonyl, arylsulfonylamino, arylthio, arylthioalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkenylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylamino, cycloalkyloxy, cycloalkynyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylamino, heteroarylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonylamino, heteroaryloxo, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylsulfinyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, heteroarylthio, polycycloalkenyl, polycycloalkenylalkyl, polycycloalkyl, polycycloalkylalkyl, and polyethylene glycol.

5. The compound of claim 3 or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound, wherein A is absent, Y is hydrogen, and the compound has the structure of Formula IID:

where at least one of R 1 and R 2 is hydrogen, or at least one of R 1 and R 2 comprises at least two carbons, wherein if R 1 is hydrogen or comprises at least two carbons and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkenyl, alkenylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, alkylamino, alkylaminocarbonyl, alkylammonium, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylthio, alkynyl, alkynylaminocarbonyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkenyl, arylalkoxy, arylalkyl, arylalkynyl, arylamino, arylaminocarbonyl, arylammonium, arylazo, arylcarbonyl, arylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonyloxy, arylcycloalkyl, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfinylalkyl, arylsulfonyl, arylsulfonylamino, arylthio, arylthioalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkenylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylamino, cycloalkyloxy, cycloalkynyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylamino, heteroarylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonylamino, heteroaryloxo, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylsulfinyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, heteroarylthio, polycycloalkenyl, polycycloalkenylalkyl, polycycloalkyl, polycycloalkylalkyl, and polyethylene glycol;

wherein if R 2 is hydrogen or comprises at least two carbons and R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of alkenyl, alkenylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, alkylamino, alkylaminocarbonyl, alkylammonium, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylthio, alkynyl, alkynylaminocarbonyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkenyl, arylalkoxy, arylalkyl, arylalkynyl, arylamino, arylaminocarbonyl, arylammonium, arylazo, arylcarbonyl, arylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonyloxy, arylcycloalkyl, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfinylalkyl, arylsulfonyl, arylsulfonylamino, arylthio, arylthioalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkenylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylamino, cycloalkyloxy, cycloalkynyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylamino, heteroarylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonylamino, heteroaryloxo, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylsulfinyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, heteroarylthio, polycycloalkenyl, polycycloalkenylalkyl, polycycloalkyl, polycycloalkylalkyl, and polyethylene glycol.

6. A compound having a structure selected from the group consisting of:

7. The compound of claim 1 , wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is selected from the group consisting of an acetate, L-aspartate, besylate, bicarbonate, carbonate, D-camsylate, L-camsylate, citrate, edisylate, formate, fumarate, gluconate, hydrobromide/bromide, hydrochloride/chloride, D-lactate, L-lactate, D,L-lactate, D,L-malate, L-malate, mesylate, pamoate, phosphate, succinate, sulfate, bisulfate, D-tartrate, L-tartrate, D,L-tartrate, meso-tartrate, benzoate, gluceptate, D-glucuronate, hybenzate, isethionate, malonate, methylsulfate, 2-napsylate, nicotinate, nitrate, orotate, stearate, tosylate, thiocyanate, acefyllinate, aceturate, aminosalicylate, ascorbate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphocarbonate, decanoate, hexanoate, cholate, cypionate, dichloroacetate, edentate, ethyl sulfate, furate, fusidate, galactarate, galacturonate, gallate, gentisate, glutamate, glutarate, glycerophosphate, heptanoate, hydroxybenzoate, hippurate, phenylpropionate, iodide, xinafoate, lactobionate, laurate, maleate, mandelate, methanesulfonate, myristate, napadisilate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, pyrophosphate, salicylate, salicylsulfate, sulfosalicylate, tannate, terephthalate, thiosalicylate, tribrophenate, valerate, valproate, adipate, 4-acetamidobenzoate, camsylate, octanoate, estolate, esylate, glycolate, thiocyanate, undecylenate, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, aluminum, lithium, cholinate, lysinium, ammonium, troethamine, and a mixture thereof.

8. A compound having a structure selected from the group consisting of:

9. A composition comprising the compound of claim 1 or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound.

10. The composition of claim 9 , wherein the composition is formulated for oral administration or suppository administration.

11. The composition of claim 10 , wherein the composition formulated for oral administration is in a dosage form selected from the group consisting of solid form, a tablet, a capsule, a caplet, a soft gel, a suppository, a troche, a lozenge, an oral powder, a solution, a syrup, an oral film, a thin strip, a slurry, an emulsion, an elixir, and a suspension.

12. The composition of claim 9 , wherein the composition further comprises one or more excipients, wherein the excipients are selected from the group consisting of anti-adherents, binders, coatings, disintegrants, fillers, flavors, dyes, colors, glidants, lubricants, preservatives, sorbents, sweeteners, derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof.

13. The composition of claim 12 , wherein the binder is selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, povidone, acrylic and methacrylic acid co-polymers, pharmaceutical glaze, gums, and milk derivatives.

14. The composition of claim 9 , wherein the compound is present in an amount per unit dose of between about 0.1 mg and about 2000 mg per unit dose.

15. The composition of claim 14 , wherein the compound is present in an amount per unit dose of between about 0.5 mg and about 500 mg per unit dose.

16. The composition of claim 15 , wherein the compound is present in an amount per unit dose of between about 1 mg and about 250 mg per unit dose.

17. The composition of claim 16 , wherein the compound is present in an amount per unit dose of between about 1.5 mg and about 100 mg per unit dose.

18. The composition of claim 9 , wherein the composition further comprises one or more additional pharmacological substance selected from the group consisting of stimulants, anti-depressants, combinations thereof and prodrugs thereof.

19. The composition of claim 9 , wherein the composition further comprises one or more of methylphenidate, aripiprazole, atomoxetine, baclofen, clonidine, desipramine, dihydrotetrabenazine, guanfacine, haloperidol, levetiracetam, mecamylamine, etoclopramide, olanzapine, ondansetron, pergolide, pimozide, pramipexole, risperidone, selegiline, sulpiride, tetrabenazine, topiramate, ziprasidone, or one or more of additional amphetamine, or any combination thereof.

20. The composition of claim 19 , wherein the one or more additional amphetamine is unconjugated amphetamine, a conjugate of amphetamine, a prodrug of amphetamine, any isomer thereof, or any combination thereof.

21. The composition of claim 20 , wherein the isomer of unconjugated amphetamine is unconjugated d-amphetamine.

22. The composition of claim 21 , wherein the methylphenidate is unconjugated methylphenidate, a conjugate of methylphenidate, a prodrug of methylphenidate, any isomer thereof, or any combination thereof.

23. The composition of claim 22 , wherein the isomer of unconjugated methylphenidate is unconjugated d-methylphenidate.

24. The composition of claim 22 , wherein the conjugate of methylphenidate is serdexmethylphenidate.

25. The composition of claim 9 , wherein the compound is provided in an amount sufficient to provide a similar or decreased AUC when compared to unconjugated d-amphetamine when orally administered at equimolar doses.

26. The composition of claim 9 , wherein the compound is provided in an amount sufficient to provide a similar or decreased C max as compared to unconjugated d-amphetamine when administered orally at equimolar doses.

27. The composition of claim 9 , wherein the compound is provided in an amount sufficient to provide a decreased C max and a similar or decreased AUC as compared to unconjugated d-amphetamine when administered orally at equimolar doses.

28. The composition of claim 9 , wherein intranasal or intravenous administration of the compound provides a decreased AUC and/or C max when compared to an equivalent molar amount of unconjugated d-amphetamine.

29. The composition of claim 9 , wherein the compound provides reduced abuse potential as compared to unconjugated d-amphetamine.

30. A kit comprising individual doses of a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising the compound of claim 1 , a pharmaceutical salt thereof, or a combination thereof.

31. A kit comprising individual doses of a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising at least one compound of claim 6 , a pharmaceutical salt thereof, or a combination thereof.

32. A kit comprising individual doses of a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising at least one compound of claim 8 , a pharmaceutical salt thereof, or a combination thereof.