Silicon-carbide reinforced secondary batteries

1. A lithium-ion battery, comprising:

a cathode;

an anode comprising active particles, individually, having a diameter in the range of about 50 nm to about 100 μm, and including a carbon matrix, SIC nanofibers, and nanocrystals which include at least one of silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), titanium (Ti), aluminum (Al), or magnesium (Mg), wherein the nanocrystals are embedded in a carbon matrix;

an electrolyte ionically coupling the anode and the cathode; and

a separator electrically separating the anode and the cathode.

2. The lithium-ion battery of claim 1 , wherein the nanocrystals are silicon nanocrystals.

3. The lithium-ion battery of claim 2 , wherein the silicon nanocrystals consist of silicon metal or a silicon alloy.

4. The lithium-ion battery of claim 1 , wherein the active particles include a plurality of silicon nanocrystals embedded in a SiC reinforced carbon matrix.

5. The lithium-ion battery of claim 4 , wherein the SIC reinforced carbon matrix includes a carbon-constituent material, interior SIC nanofibers, and exterior SIC nanofibers;

wherein the interior SIC nanofibers are embedded within the carbon-constituent material and the exterior SIC nanofibers extend from a surface of the carbon-constituent material.

6. The lithium-ion battery of claim 5 , wherein the anode further includes a SIC reinforced binder which includes the exterior SIC nanofibers.

7. A lithium battery comprising:

a cathode, an anode, and a separator sealed in a battery case with an electrolyte in ionic contact with both the cathode and the anode;

wherein the anode includes an anode composition affixed to a current collector;

the anode composition includes particulates dispersed in a silicon-carbide reinforced binder;

the particulates each having silicon nanocrystals embedded in an a silicon-carbide reinforced carbon matrix, the particulates having a composition that includes about 1 wt. % to about 75 wt. % silicon metal, about 1 wt. % to about 25 wt. % silicon-carbide, and about 10 wt. % to about 90 wt. % carbon;

the silicon-carbide reinforced carbon matrix includes SiC nanofibers embedded in a carbon-constituent material, where embedded SiC nanofibers are interior SiC nanofibers and are carried within the carbon-constituent material;

the particulates further having the exterior SiC nanofibers extend from a surface of the carbon-constituent material;

the silicon-carbide reinforced binder includes a polymer binder and the exterior SiC nanofibers.