Systems and methods for active control of surface drag using wall coupling
A system includes a surface having a fluid flowing over the surface. The fluid includes a flow regime having a streamwise length scale greater than about 100 times η and less than about 100,000 times η, where η is a viscous length scale of the flow regime, and a convective time scale greater than about 10η′ and less than about 10,000η′, where η′ is a viscous time scale of the flow regime. The system includes a controller that causes at least one of motion the surface to modify fluid flow in the flow regime based on the streamwise length scale and the convective time scale or motion of the flow regime based on the streamwise length scale and the convective time scale.
1. A method for controlling drag caused by fluid flowing over one or more bodies, comprising:
measuring one or more of a velocity, a viscosity, or a pressure of a fluid flowing over a surface of the one or more bodies;
determining a streamwise length scale of at least one flow regime of the fluid based on the measured one or more velocity, viscosity, or pressure, wherein the streamwise length scale is between about 100 times η and about 10,000 times η, where η is a viscous length scale of the at least one flow regime;
determining a convective time scale of the at least one flow regime based on the measured one or more velocity, viscosity, or pressure, wherein the convective time scale has a duration of greater than about 10η′ and less than about 1,000η′, wherein η′ is a viscous time scale of the at least one flow regime; and
outputting a control signal that is based at least in part on both the streamwise length scale and the convective time scale to at least one deformer coupled to the surface to cause a substantially in-plane deformation of the surface in a spanwise direction relative to the flow of the fluid to modify fluid flow in the at least one flow regime of the fluid.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein measuring the one or more velocity, viscosity, or pressure of the fluid comprises measuring the one or more velocity, viscosity, or pressure using at least one sensor.
3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising providing one or more structures on the surface, the one or more structures having a structure length scale corresponding to the streamwise length scale.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface forms a portion of a moving body.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface forms a portion of a non-moving body along which the fluid flows.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein outputting the control signal comprises outputting the control signal such that the at least one deformer generates the substantially in-plane deformation with a target frequency, target wavelength, target duration, or target intermittency of deformations.
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising causing the deformation of the surface based on a turbulent eddy size of the fluid.
8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising causing the deformation to achieve a target value of surface drag of the fluid on the surface.
9. A system, comprising:
a sensor that measures one or more of a velocity, a viscosity, or a pressure, of a fluid flowing over a surface of one or more bodies; and
a controller that:
determines a streamwise length scale and a convective time length scale of at least one flow regime of the fluid based on the measured one or more velocity, viscosity, or pressure, wherein the streamwise length scale is between about 100 times η and about 10,000 times η, wherein η is a viscous length scale of the at least one flow regime, wherein the convective time scale has a duration of greater than about 10η′ and less than about 1,000η′, wherein η is a viscous time scale of the at least one flow regime; and
outputs a control signal that is based at least in part on both the streamwise length scale and convective time scale to at least one deformer coupled to the surface to cause a substantially in-plane deformation of the surface in a spanwise direction relative to the flow of the fluid to modify fluid flow.
10. The system of claim 9 , wherein the controller outputs the control signal by outputting the control signal such that the at least one deformer generates the substantially in-plane deformation with a target frequency, wavelength, duration, or intermittency of deformation.
11. The system of claim 9 , further comprising:
one or more structures coupled with the surface, the one or more structures having a structure length scale corresponding to the streamwise length scale.
12. The system of claim 9 , wherein the surface forms a portion of a moving body.
13. The system of claim 9 , wherein the surface forms a portion of a non-moving body along which the fluid flows.
14. The system of claim 9 , wherein the controller outputs the control signal by outputting the control signal such that the at least one deformer generates the substantially in-plane deformation with a target frequency, target wavelength, target duration, or target intermittency of deformations.
15. The system of claim 9 , wherein the controller is configured to cause the deformation of the surface based on a turbulent eddy size of the fluid.
16. The system of claim 9 , wherein the controller is configured to cause the deformation of the surface to achieve a target value of surface drag of the fluid on the surface.
17. A system, comprising:
a sensor that measures one or more of a velocity, a viscosity, or a pressure, of a fluid flowing over a surface of one or more bodies; and
a controller that:
determines a streamwise length scale of at least one flow regime of the fluid based on the measured one or more velocity, viscosity, or pressure, wherein the streamwise length scale is between about 100 times η and about 10,000 times η, wherein η is a viscous length scale of the at least one flow regime;
determines a convective time scale of the at least one flow regime based on the measured one or more velocity, viscosity, or pressure, wherein the convective time scale has a duration of greater than about 10η′ and less than about 1,000 η′, wherein η′ is a viscous time scale of the at least one flow regime; and
outputs a control signal that is based at least in part on both the streamwise length scale and the convective time scale to at least one deformer coupled to the surface to cause a substantially in-plane deformation of the surface in a spanwise direction relative to the flow of the fluid to modify fluid flow in the at least one flow regime of the fluid.
18. The system of claim 17 , further comprising:
one or more structures coupled with the surface, the one or more structures having a structure length scale corresponding to the streamwise length scale.
19. The system of claim 17 , wherein the controller outputs the control signal by outputting the control signal such that the at least one deformer generates the substantially in-plane deformation with a target frequency, target wavelength, target duration, or target intermittency of deformations.
20. The system of claim 17 , wherein the controller is configured to cause the deformation of the surface based on a turbulent eddy size of the fluid.