Graphite powder based counter electrode
A device for providing treatment is disclosed. The device provides proper skin electrical conductivity while still being minimally invasive by adhering to the patient's skin that also implements safety measures that off-the-shelf electrode options do not have. This device includes a graphite powder-based skin counter electrode that has a graphite powder suspended in an electrolyte gel that allows for electrochemical conduction between the graphite particles in the graphite powder. The gel is spread over a first side of a hydrogel layer. A device housing is mounted on the hydrogel layer over the first side. The device housing contains the electrolyte gel and graphite powder, defines an opening or lead opening as well as an empty expansion chamber for gaseous anodic byproduct. A metallic wire or rod extends from the electrolyte gel and through the housing opening and connects to a potentiostat. The second side of the hydrogel layer is adhered to the skin of the patient. The graphite powder-based skin counter electrode device takes into account safety.
1. A device configured for administering biofilm treatment to an infected orthopedic implant, the device comprising:
a housing including a lead opening;
a counter electrode disposed in the housing, wherein the counter electrode is comprised of particles of a graphite powder suspended in an electrolytic gel and a base, enabling the counter electrode to have a highly alkaline pH;
a potentiostat capable of providing a cathodic voltage to the infected orthopedic implant;
a metallic wire or metallic rod connecting the potentiostat to the counter electrode through the lead opening of the housing wherein the counter electrode forms an anode of an electrochemical cell; and
a hydrogel layer disposed beneath the counter electrode and configured for skin attachment in relation to the orthopedic implant.
2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the housing is made of a plastic.
3. The device of claim 2 , wherein the metallic wire or metallic rod is made of gold, silver, graphite, or platinum.
4. The device of claim 3 , wherein the metallic wire or metallic rod is made of platinum.
5. The device of claim 1 , wherein the counter electrode is further comprised of NaOH, which is used as the base.
6. The device of claim 1 , wherein the particles of graphite powder are between 0.037 mm and 2.0 mm in size.
7. The device of claim 5 , wherein the concentration of NaOH is between 0.1 M and 1.0 M.
8. The device of claim 6 , wherein the concentration of NaOH is 0.2 M.
9. The device of claim 1 , wherein the pH of the counter electrode is at least 13.
10. The device of claim 1 , further comprising means for venting acidic byproducts into a separate chamber or into the environment.
11. The device of claim 10 , wherein the separate chamber is disposed as part of the housing or separate from the housing.
12. The device of claim 10 , wherein the separate chamber is made of plastic.
13. The device of claim 1 , wherein the counter electrode further includes a gelatin.