Use of a battery with polyviologen active material

1. A method for using a battery which has an electrode that operates according to a mechanism of complexation of anions and which comprises an electrode active material, wherein the electrode active material is a polyviologen, and wherein said battery comprises an electrolyte in which said polyviologen is a material that is insoluble, comprising:

using said battery at electrochemical conditions which are adjusted so that a charge/discharge cycle process is established on the basis of a 1-electron redox reaction between a 1-electron oxidized form of viologen units of said polyviologen, termed cation radical form, and a totally reduced form, termed neutral form,

wherein the electrochemical conditions are adjusted so that a two-electron oxidized form of the viologen units of the polyviologen material does not participate in a charge/discharge cycle,

wherein the polyviologen, in the 1-electron oxidized form or a two-electron oxidized form, has, as counterion(s), an organic anion selected from [N(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 ] − (=TFSI − ), [N(SO 2 F) 2 ] − (═FSI − ), 4,5-dicyano-2-(trifluoromethyl)imidazole (=TDI), RCOO − and HCOO − , and an inorganic anion, and

wherein the electrode active material is formed of monomers comprising at least one neutral viologen unit of general formula (Ia) or one oxidized viologen unit of general formula (Ib) or (Ic)

in which:

the R groups, which may be identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom or represent a C 2 to C 50 linear alkyl, optionally substituted with at least one carboxylic, carboxylate, sulfonic, sulfonate, phosphonic, phosphonate or amine functional group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen atom, optionally substituted with at least one hydroxyl or aldehyde group, and/or optionally interrupted with a ketone unit;

n and n′ are, independently of one another, equal to 0 or to an integer between 1 and 50, and

the X radicals, which may be identical or different, are respectively an organic anion selected from [N(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 ] − (=TFSI − ), [N(SO 2 F) 2 ] − (═FSI − ), 4,5-dicyano-2-(trifluoromethyl)imidazole (=TDI), RCOO − and HCOO − , or an inorganic anion.

2. The method according to claim 1 , in which the charge/discharge cycle process is initiated with the polyviologen in neutral form or in cation radical form.

3. The method according to claim 2 , in which the neutral form or the cation radical form of polyviologen is generated beforehand in situ from a polyviologen of which the viologen units are in a two-electron oxidized form, by partial or total reduction of its viologen units.

4. The method according to claim 1 , in which the polyviologen is a linear or crosslinked polyviologen or a mixture thereof.

5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the electrode active material is of formula (II)

in its oxidized or reduced forms wherein

the units A1 and A2, which may be identical or different, independently of one another represent a covalent bond or represent a C 1 to C 50 alkyl chain, optionally substituted with at least one carboxylic, carboxylate, sulfonic, sulfonate, phosphonic, phosphonate or amine functional group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen atom, optionally substituted with at least one hydroxy or aldehyde group, and/or optionally interrupted with a ketone radical or a unit of formula

—Ar(A 3 )-

Ar being a trivalent or tetravalent C 6 to C 10 arylene unit, and A 3 a C 1 to C 20 alkyl chain covalently bonded to the Ar unit and to a viologen unit derivative of formula (II), and

the R groups, which may be identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom or represent a C 2 to C 50 linear alkyl, optionally substituted with at least one carboxylic, carboxylate, sulfonic, sulfonate, phosphonic, phosphonate or amine functional group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen atom, optionally substituted with at least one hydroxyl or aldehyde group, and/or optionally interrupted with a ketone unit;

n and n′ are, independently of one another, equal to 0 or to an integer between 1 and 50, and

the X radicals, which may be identical or different, are respectively an organic anion selected from [N(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 ] − (=TFSI − ), [N(SO 2 F) 2 ] − (═FSI − ), 4,5-dicyano-2-(trifluoromethyl)imidazole (=TDI), RCOO − and HCOO − , or an inorganic anion, and a is an integer ranging from 1 to 10 million.

6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein, the electrode active material, is of general formula (III)

in its oxidized or reduced forms with

the R groups, which may be identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom or represent a C 2 to C 50 linear alkyl, optionally substituted with at least one carboxylic, carboxylate, sulfonic, sulfonate, phosphonic, phosphonate or amine functional group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen atom, optionally substituted with at least one hydroxyl or aldehyde group, and/or optionally interrupted with a ketone unit;

n and n′ are, independently of one another, equal to 0 or to an integer between 1 and 50, and

the X radicals, which may be identical or different, are respectively an organic anion selected from [N(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 ] − (=TFSI − ), [N(SO 2 F) 2 ] − (═FSI − ), 4,5-dicyano-2-(trifluoromethyl)imidazole (=TDI), RCOO − and HCOO − , or an inorganic anion; and

a is an integer ranging from 1 to 10 million and k is an integer ranging from 1 to 50.

7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the electrode active material is of general formula (IV)

in its oxidized or reduced forms with

the R groups, which may be identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom or represent a C 2 to C 50 linear alkyl, optionally substituted with at least one carboxylic, carboxylate, sulfonic, sulfonate, phosphonic, phosphonate or amine functional group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen atom, optionally substituted with at least one hydroxyl or aldehyde group, and/or optionally interrupted with a ketone unit;

n and n′ are, independently of one another, equal to 0 or to an integer between 1 and 50, and

the X radicals, which may be identical or different, are respectively an organic anion selected from [N(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 ] − (=TFSI − ), [N(SO 2 F) 2 ] − (═FSI − ), 4,5-dicyano-2-(trifluoromethyl)imidazole (=TDI), RCOO − and HCOO − , or an inorganic anion; and

a is an integer ranging from 1 to 10 million.

8. The method according to claim 1 , in which said battery comprises, as a counterelectrode, a lithium metal electrode and its electrochemical conditions for use for its charge/discharge cycle process are obtained for a voltage between 1.5 V and 2.25 V vs Li + /Li.

9. The method according to claim 1 , in which said battery comprises, as a counterelectrode, dilithium 2,5-dianilinoterephthalate and its electrochemical conditions for use for its charge/discharge cycle process are obtained for a voltage of between 0.2 V and 1.2 V.

10. The method according to claim 1 , in which said battery is a lithium or sodium battery, a sodium-sulfur battery, or a dual-ion or anion-ion battery.