Dielectric resonator antenna system

1. An electromagnetic device, comprising:

an electrically conductive ground structure;

at least one dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) disposed on the ground structure, the at least one DRA comprising a DRA having an overall height and an overall width where the overall height is greater than the overall width;

at least one electromagnetic (EM) beam shaper disposed proximate a corresponding one of the DRA; and

at least one signal feed disposed electromagnetically coupled to a corresponding one of the DRA;

wherein the at least one EM beam shaper comprises a body of dielectric material having a dielectric constant that varies from an internal portion of the body to an outer surface of the body;

wherein the at least one DRA comprises an array of the at least one DRA to form an array of DRAs; and

wherein the array of DRAs are disposed at least partially around the outer surface of the body of dielectric material.

2. The device of claim 1 , wherein:

the at least one DRA comprises a single-layered DRA having a hollow core.

3. The device of claim 1 , wherein:

the at least one DRA comprises a multi-layered DRA having a hollow core.

4. The device of claim 1 , wherein:

the at least one DRA comprises a DRA comprising an elevation view cross section having vertical side walls and a convex top.

5. The device of claim 1 , wherein:

the body of dielectric material is a sphere of dielectric material, and the sphere of dielectric material has a dielectric constant that varies from the center of the sphere to the outer surface of the sphere.

6. The device of any of claim 1 , wherein each DRA of the at least one DRA comprises:

a volume comprising non-gaseous dielectric material, the volume having a hollow core, a cross sectional overall maximum height Hv as observed in an elevation view, and a cross sectional overall maximum width Wv as observed in a plan view;

wherein the volume is a volume of a single dielectric material composition; and

wherein Hv is greater than Wv.

7. The device of claim 1 , wherein:

the EM beam shaper further comprises an electrically conductive horn; and

the electrically conductive horn comprises side walls that diverge outwards from a first proximal end to a second distal end, the first proximal end disposed in electrical contact with the ground structure, the second distal end disposed at a distance from the associated at least one DRA, the side walls disposed surrounding the corresponding at least one DRA.

8. The device of claim 1 , wherein:

the at least one DRA is at least partially embedded in the body of dielectric material.

9. The device of claim 5 , wherein:

the sphere of dielectric material comprises a plurality of layers of dielectric materials having different dielectric constants that decrease from the center of the sphere to the outer surface of the sphere.

10. The device of claim 1 , wherein:

the EM beam shaper further comprises an electrically conductive horn;

the at least one DRA comprises an array of the at least one DRA to form an array of DRAs; and

the array of DRAs are disposed within the electrically conductive horn.

11. The device of claim 7 , wherein:

the distal end of the electrically conductive horn having an aperture that is equal to or greater than the overall outside dimension of the body of dielectric material.

12. The device of claim 11 , wherein:

a length, Lh, of the electrically conductive horn is less than an overall outside dimension, Ds, of the body of dielectric material.

13. The device of claim 1 , wherein:

the array of DRAs are disposed at least partially around the outer surface of the body of dielectric material in a concave arrangement.

14. The device of claim 1 , wherein:

each DRA of the array of DRAs is separately fed by a corresponding one of the at least one signal feed to provide a multi-beam antenna.

15. An electromagnetic device, comprising:

an electrically conductive ground structure;

at least one dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) disposed on the ground structure, the at least one DRA comprising a DRA having an overall height and an overall width where the overall height is greater than the overall width;

at least one electromagnetic (EM) beam shaper disposed proximate a corresponding one of the DRA; and

at least one signal feed disposed electromagnetically coupled to a corresponding one of the DRA;

wherein the at least one EM beam shaper comprises a body of dielectric material having a dielectric constant that varies from an internal portion of the body to an outer surface of the body;

wherein the at least one DRA comprises an array of the at least one DRA to form an array of DRAs; and

wherein the array of DRAs are disposed on the ground structure, and the ground structure is disposed on a non-planar substrate.

16. The device of claim 15 , wherein:

the substrate comprises a concave curvature; and

the array of DRAs are disposed on a concave curvature of the non-planar substrate.

17. The device of claim 15 , wherein:

the substrate comprises a convex curvature; and

the array of DRAs are disposed on a convex curvature of the non-planar substrate.

18. The device of claim 15 , wherein:

the substrate is flexible.