Gratings for high power single mode laser

1. A laser comprising:

a substrate comprising:

an active layer comprising a waveguide, the active layer configured to support a fundamental optical mode and at least one higher order transverse optical mode;

at least one primary grating structure;

a ridge over the active layer comprising the waveguide, the ridge having a width W r , the ridge comprising a material having a first refractive index lower than a second refractive index of the waveguide;

at least one secondary grating structure disposed in an edge portion of the ridge spaced apart from the at least one primary grating structure,

wherein reflection of light from the at least one secondary grating structure is configured to be out of phase with reflection of light from the at least one primary grating structure, and

wherein a coupling coefficient of the at least one primary grating structure to the fundamental optical mode is greater than a coupling coefficient of the at least one primary grating structure to the at least one higher order transverse optical mode.

2. The laser of claim 1 , wherein the at least one primary grating structure has a width W g less than the width of the ridge W r .

3. The laser of claim 1 , wherein the at least one primary grating structure is disposed in a central region of the ridge.

4. The laser of claim 1 , wherein the at least one primary grating structure is between the active layer and the ridge.

5. The laser of claim 1 , further comprising a confinement reduction layer surrounding the ridge, the confinement reduction layer having a height smaller than a height of the ridge, the confinement reduction layer comprising a material having a third refractive index lower than the second refractive index of the waveguide.

6. The laser of claim 5 , wherein a height of the confinement reduction layer is configured to reduce lateral confinement for some of the at least one higher order transverse optical mode.

7. The laser of claim 1 , wherein the at least one primary grating structure has a width W g less than a width of the active layer W a .

8. The laser of claim 1 , wherein the at least one primary grating structure comprises a curved grating.

9. An optical device comprising:

a waveguide layer configured to support a fundamental optical mode and at least one higher order transverse optical mode; and

at least one grating structure comprising a plurality of parallel grating structures configured to preferentially select a single transverse optical mode,

wherein a coupling coefficient of at least one of the plurality of parallel grating structures to the fundamental optical mode is greater than a coupling coefficient of the at least one of the plurality of parallel grating structures to the at least one higher order transverse optical mode, and

wherein different grating structures from the plurality of parallel grating structures have a phase difference.

10. The optical device of claim 9 , further comprising an active region including the waveguide layer.

11. The optical device of claim 10 , wherein the at least one of the plurality of parallel grating structures is within the active region.

12. The optical device of claim 10 , wherein the at least one of the plurality of parallel grating structures is below the active region.

13. The optical device of claim 9 , wherein a width W g of the at least one of the plurality of parallel grating structures is configured such that the coupling coefficient of the fundamental optical mode to the at least one of the plurality of parallel grating structures is greater than the coupling coefficient of the at least one higher order transverse optical mode to the at least one of the plurality of parallel grating structures.

14. The optical device of claim 9 , wherein a width W g of the at least one of the plurality of parallel grating structures is configured such that the coupling coefficient of one transverse optical mode to the at least one of the plurality of parallel grating structures is greater than the coupling coefficient of other transverse optical modes to the at least one of the plurality of parallel grating structures.

15. The optical device of claim 12 , further comprising a ridge over the waveguide, the ridge having a width W r , wherein the ridge comprises a material having a first refractive index lower than a second refractive index of the waveguide.

16. The optical device of claim 15 , further comprising a confinement reduction layer surrounding the ridge, wherein a distance of a top surface of the confinement reduction layer from the waveguide layer is less than a distance of a top surface of the ridge from the waveguide.

17. The optical device of claim 16 , wherein the confinement reduction layer is configured to reduce a number of transverse optical modes.

18. The optical device of claim 9 further comprising a semiconductor.

19. The optical device of claim 9 , wherein the waveguide layer comprises at least one of a ridge waveguide, a buried heterostructure, a buried stripe or an in-plane semiconductor waveguide.

20. The optical device of claim 9 , wherein at least one of the plurality of parallel grating structures comprises grating elements that are configured to diffract light in one or more transverse optical modes along a direction normal to a top surface of a ridge over the waveguide layer such that light in the one or more transverse optical modes is not coupled out of the laser.

21. The optical device of claim 9 , wherein the optical device comprises at least one of a distributed feedback (DFB) laser, a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) laser, a sampled grating DBR laser, a semiconductor optical amplifier, an electro-absorption modulator, a Mach-Zehnder modulator, a flared optical power amplifier or a tapered waveguide.

22. The optical device of claim 9 , wherein the waveguide layer comprises the at least one grating structure.

23. The optical device of claim 9 , wherein the waveguide layer comprises silicon on insulator, silicon on doped glass, or silicon nitride (SiN).

24. The optical device of claim 9 , wherein at least one of the plurality of parallel grating structures is configured to couple preferentially to one or more higher order transverse optical modes than the fundamental optical mode.

25. The optical device of claim 9 , wherein at least one of the plurality of parallel grating structures comprises a second order grating having a 50% duty cycle configured to increase optical loss for higher order transverse optical modes as compared to the fundamental optical mode so that the fundamental optical mode is preferentially selected to laser.

26. The optical device of claim 9 , wherein the waveguide layer comprises at least one of a ridge waveguide, a buried heterostructure, a ridge waveguide etched completely through the active region, or any other waveguide architecture suitable for propagating a laser mode.

27. The optical device of claim 9 , further comprising an additional etch-stop layer configured to allow selective etching of a cladding layer provided over the waveguide layer to obtain a ridge and a confinement reduction layer.

28. The optical device of claim 27 , wherein a thickness of the confinement reduction layer is controlled by a position of the etch-stop layer.

29. The optical device of claim 28 , wherein one or more regions of the confinement reduction layer have a higher electrical resistance than at least one other region of the confinement reduction layer.

30. The optical device of claim 9 , wherein an average effective refractive index in the at least one grating structure is either higher or lower than an average refractive index in areas surrounding the at least one grating structure.