Tumor organoid culture compositions, systems, and methods
Provided herein are novel organoid culture media, organoid culture systems, and methods of culturing tumor organoids using the subject organoid culture media. Also provided herein are tumor organoids developed using such organoid culture systems, methods for assessing the clonal diversity of the tumor organoids, and methods for using such tumor organoids, for example, for tumor modelling and drug development applications. In particular embodiments, the tumor organoid culture media provided herein is substantially free of R-spondins (e.g., R-spondin1).
1. A method for culturing a tumor organoid cell line, the method comprising:
a) obtaining a tumor sample from a subject, wherein the tumor sample is an anal cancer, a basal cell skin cancer, a squamous cancer, a breast cancer, a bladder cancer, a cervical cancer, an endometrial cancer, a head and neck cancer, a hepatobiliary cancer, a kidney cancer, a gastric cancer, a lung cancer, a mesothelial cancer of the pleural cavity, a mesothelial cancer of the peritoneal cavity, an ovarian cancer, or a prostate cancer;
b) isolating nucleic acids from the tumor sample and sequencing a plurality of alleles for a plurality of loci of interests from the isolated nucleic acids of the tumor sample to identify a plurality of tumor sample somatic variants, wherein the sequencing is performed by next-generation sequencing;
c) culturing the tumor organoid cell line comprising at least one tumor organoid in an organoid culture medium substantially free of R-spondins, wherein each respective tumor organoid in the tumor organoid cell line is derived from one or more cells of the tumor sample;
d) isolating nucleic acids from the tumor organoid cell line and sequencing a plurality of alleles for a plurality of loci of interests from the isolated nucleic acids to identify a plurality of tumor organoid somatic variants, wherein the sequencing is performed by next generation sequencing;
e) determining a reference genomic variant profile, wherein the reference genomic variant profile comprises, for each respective somatic variant in the plurality of tumor sample somatic variants identified in step b), a variant allele fraction for the respective somatic variant of the tumor sample;
f) determining a first organoid genomic variant profile of the tumor organoid cell line, wherein the first organoid genomic variant profile comprises, for each respective somatic variant in the plurality of tumor organoid somatic variants identified in step d), a variant allele fraction for the respective somatic variant; and
g) confirming at least a 65% concordance in the clonal diversity of the tumor organoid cell line and the tumor sample by comparing each variant allele fraction for each respective somatic variant of the tumor sample to the corresponding variant allele fraction for the corresponding somatic variant of the tumor organoid cell line, across a plurality of somatic variants found in both the reference genomic profile and the first organoid genomic variant profile.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the tumor sample comprises biopsied material from a plurality of regions of a tumor.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the tumor sample comprises biopsied material from a plurality of tumors from the subject.
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising evaluating a property of the tumor organoid cell line.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the organoid culture medium comprises:
i) a plurality of organoid growth factors, wherein the plurality of organoid growth factors consists of one of the following combinations of organoid growth factors:
a) Noggin,
b) a combination of EGF and Noggin, and
c) a combination of EGF, Noggin, FGF7 and FGF10; and
ii) a plurality of molecular inhibitors comprising a Rho kinase inhibitor, a transforming growth factor-beta inhibitor and a MAP kinase inhibitor.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises:
h) exposing the tumor organoid cell line to a therapeutic agent; and
i) after exposing the tumor organoid cell line to a therapeutic agent, evaluating a property of the exposed tumor organoid cell line.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the evaluating in i) comprises:
determining a second organoid genomic variant profile of the tumor organoid cell line after exposure of the tumor organoid cell line to the therapeutic agent, wherein the second organoid genomic variant profile comprises, for each respective somatic variant identified in a plurality of somatic variants identified in the tumor organoid cell line after exposure to the therapeutic agent, a relative abundance value for the respective somatic variant; and
evaluating a difference or similarity between the first organoid genomic variant profile and the second organoid genomic variant profile.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the second organoid genomic variant profile is determined using nucleic acids isolated from the at least one tumor organoid in the tumor organoid cell line after exposure of the tumor organoid cell line to the therapeutic agent.
9. The method of any of claims claim 7 , wherein the second organoid genomic variant profile is determined using nucleic acids isolated from the organoid culture medium after exposure of the tumor organoid cell line to the therapeutic agent.
10. The method of claim 7 , wherein the evaluating the difference or similarity includes determining which somatic variants experienced a threshold level of change between the first organoid genomic variant profile and the second organoid genomic variant profile.
11. The method of claim 7 , wherein the method further comprises assigning a therapy to the subject based on a property of the tumor organoid cell line.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the d) isolating nucleic acids is performed during log phase growth of the tumor organoid cell line.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein in g) the confirming is of at least a 70% concordance in the clonal diversity of the tumor organoid cell line and the tumor sample.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein in g) the confirming is of at least a 80% concordance in the clonal diversity of the tumor organoid cell line and the tumor sample.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein in g) the confirming is of at least a 90% concordance in the clonal diversity of the tumor organoid cell line and the tumor sample.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein in g) the confirming is of at least a 95% concordance in the clonal diversity of the tumor organoid cell line and the tumor sample.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of somatic variants found in both the reference genomic profile and the first organoid genomic variant profile includes a single nucleotide variant.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of somatic variants found in both the reference genomic profile and the first organoid genomic variant profile includes a point mutation or a nonsense mutation.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of somatic variants found in both the reference genomic profile and the first organoid genomic variant profile includes a frame shift mutation.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of somatic variants found in both the reference genomic profile and the first organoid genomic variant profile includes a deletion mutation, an insertion mutation, or a duplication mutation.