Layered cathode for molten carbonate fuel cell
A layered cathode structure for a molten carbonate fuel cell is provided, along with methods of forming a layered cathode and operating a fuel cell including a layered cathode. The layered cathode can include at least a first cathode layer and a second cathode layer. The first cathode layer can correspond to a layer that is adjacent to the molten carbonate electrolyte during operation, while the second cathode layer can correspond to a layer that is adjacent to the cathode collector of the fuel cell. The first cathode layer can be formed by sintering a layer that includes a conventional precursor material for forming a cathode, such as nickel particles. The second cathode layer can be formed by sintering a layer that includes a mixture of particles of a conventional precursor material and 1.0 vol % to 30 vol % of particles of a lithium pore-forming compound. The resulting layered cathode structure can have an increased pore size adjacent to the cathode collector to facilitate diffusion of CO 2 into the electrolyte interface, while also having a smaller pore size adjacent to the electrolyte to allow for improved electrical contact and/or reduced polarization at the interface between the electrolyte and the cathode.
1. A method for producing electricity, the method comprising:
contacting an anode of a molten carbonate fuel cell with an anode input stream;
contacting a second cathode layer of a cathode of the molten carbonate fuel cell with a cathode inlet stream comprising O 2 and CO 2 , the second cathode layer comprising an average pore diameter in a range of 5.5 μm to 10 μm, the cathode further comprising a first cathode layer adjacent to an electrolyte of the fuel cell, the first cathode layer having an average pore diameter in a range of 1 μm to 4.5 μm; and
operating the molten carbonate fuel cell at a current density of 60 mA/cm 2 or more to generate electricity, an anode exhaust comprising H 2 , CO, and CO 2 , and a cathode exhaust comprising CO 2 ,
wherein the second cathode layer of the molten carbonate fuel cell is formed by sintering a layer comprising 1.0 vol % to 30 vol % of a lithium pore-forming compound, or wherein the second cathode layer of the molten carbonate fuel cell is formed by sintering a layer comprising 1.0 vol % to 30 vol % of particles comprising a lithium pore-forming compound, or a combination thereof.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first cathode layer comprises lithiated nickel oxide, or wherein the second cathode layer comprises lithiated nickel oxide, or a combination thereof.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein 70 wt % or more of the second cathode layer comprises a composition of the first cathode layer.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first cathode layer comprises a thickness of 250 μm to 400 μm, or wherein the second cathode layer comprises a thickness of 500 μm to 800 μm, or a combination thereof.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the molten carbonate fuel cell is operated at an average temperature of 650° C. or less.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the lithium pore-forming compound comprises particles having an average particle size of 4.0 μm to 10 μm.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first cathode layer is formed by sintering a layer comprising particles having an average particle size of 1.0 μm to 3.0 μm.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second cathode layer comprises an average pore diameter of 6.0 μm to 10 μm.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cathode exhaust comprises 2.0 vol % CO 2 or less, 1.0 vol % O 2 or more, and 1.0 vol % H 2 O or more; or a combination thereof.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cathode inlet stream comprises 5.0 vol % CO 2 or less, or wherein the cathode exhaust comprises 1.0 vol % CO 2 or less, or a combination thereof.