Operation of molten carbonate fuel cells with enhanced CO
Molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) are operated to provide enhanced CO 2 utilization. This can increase the effective amount of carbonate ion transport that is achieved. The enhanced CO 2 utilization is enabled in part by operating an MCFC under conditions that cause transport of alternative ions across the electrolyte. The amount of alternative ion transport that occurs during enhanced CO 2 utilization can be mitigated by using a more acidic electrolyte.
1. A method for producing electricity in a molten carbonate fuel cell comprising an electrolyte, the method comprising: operating a molten carbonate fuel cell comprising an anode and a cathode at a transference of 0.95 or less and an average current density of 60 mA/cm 2 or more, to generate an anode exhaust comprising H 2 , CO, and CO 2 , and a cathode exhaust comprising 2.0 vol % or less CO 2 , 1.0 vol % or more O 2 , and 1.0 vol % or more H 2 O.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein operating the molten carbonate fuel cell further comprises operating at a measured CO 2 utilization of 75% or more, a cathode input stream having a CO 2 concentration of 10 vol % or less, or a combination thereof.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the cathode input stream comprises 5.0 vol % or less of CO 2 , or wherein the cathode exhaust comprises 1.0 vol % or less of CO 2 , or a combination thereof.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the transference is 0.90 or less.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte is more acidic than an electrolyte composed of (Li 0.52 Na 0.48 ) 2 CO 3 .
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte comprises Li and one or more additional alkali metals, the electrolyte comprising a greater molar amount of the one or more additional alkali metals than a molar amount of Li.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein 33% or more of a molar amount of alkali metal in the electrolyte comprises potassium.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the average current density is 150 mA/cm 2 or more.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein a voltage drop across the cathode is 0.4 V or less, or wherein the electricity is generated at a voltage of 0.55 V or more, or a combination thereof.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein a fuel utilization in the anode is 60% or more, or wherein a fuel utilization in the anode is 55% or less.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein a H 2 concentration in the anode exhaust is 5.0 vol % or more, or wherein a combined concentration of H 2 and CO in the anode exhaust is 6.0 vol % or more, or a combination thereof.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the molten carbonate fuel cell is operated at a thermal ratio of 0.25 to 1.0.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein an amount of a reformable fuel introduced into the anode, into a reforming element associated with the anode, or a combination thereof, is at least about 75% greater than an amount of hydrogen reacted in the molten carbonate fuel cell to generate electricity.
14. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
introducing an anode input stream into the anode; and
introducing a cathode input stream comprising O 2 , CO 2 , and H 2 O into the cathode.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein a fuel utilization in the anode is 55% or less.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cathode exhaust comprises 1.0 vol % or less of CO 2 .