Elevated pressure operation of molten carbonate fuel cells with enhanced CO2 utilization
Molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) are operated at elevated pressure to provide increased operating voltage and/or enhanced CO 2 utilization with a cathode input stream having a low CO 2 content. It has been discovered that increasing the operating pressure of a molten carbonate fuel cell when using a low CO 2 -content cathode input stream can provide unexpectedly large increases in operating voltage while also reducing or minimizing the amount of alternative ion transport and/or enhancing CO 2 utilization.
1. A method for producing electricity, the method comprising:
operating a molten carbonate fuel cell comprising an anode and a cathode at an operating condition comprising a cathode pressure of 1.0 kPa-g or more, an average current density of 60 mA/cm 2 or more, a transference of 0.97 or less, and with a cathode input stream comprising a CO 2 content of 5.0 vol % or less, to generate electricity, an anode exhaust comprising H 2 , CO, and CO 2 , and a cathode exhaust comprising a CO 2 content of 1.0 vol % or less.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the operating condition comprises an anode pressure of 10 kPa-g or more, or wherein the cathode pressure is 10 kPa-g or more, or a combination thereof.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the operating condition comprises an anode pressure of 1.0 kPa-g to 300 kPa-g, or wherein the cathode pressure is 1.0 kPa-g to 300 kPa-g, or a combination thereof.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the operating condition comprises an anode pressure of 10 kPa-g to 500 kPa-g, or wherein the cathode pressure is 10 kPa-g to 500 kPa-g, or a combination thereof.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cathode pressure is 100 kPa-g to 500 kPa-g.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the operating condition comprises a first operating voltage, the first operating voltage being 10 mV or more greater than a second operating voltage of the fuel cell when the fuel cell is operated at a second operating condition comprising a cathode pressure of 0 kPa-g, the average current density, and a cathode input stream comprising the CO 2 content.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the first operating voltage is 20 mV or more greater than the second operating voltage when the fuel cell is operated at the second operating condition.
8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the first operating voltage is 0.75 V or more, or 0.8 V or more.
9. The method of claim 6 , wherein the second operating voltage is 0.70 V or more.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anode pressure and the cathode pressure differ by 0.5 kPa-g or less.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anode pressure and the cathode pressure differ by 0.1 kPa-g or less.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the transference is 0.95 or less.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the average current density is 150 mA/cm 2 or more.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cathode input stream comprises a CO 2 content of 4.0 vol % or less.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cathode exhaust further comprises 1.0 vol % or more H 2 O and 1.0 vol % or more O 2 .
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the voltage drop across the cathode is 0.4 V or less, or wherein the electricity is generated at a voltage of 0.55 V or more, or a combination thereof.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein a fuel utilization in the anode is 60% or more, or wherein a fuel utilization in the anode is 55% or less.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein a H 2 concentration in the anode exhaust is 5.0 vol % or more, or wherein a combined concentration of H 2 and CO in the anode is exhaust is 6.0 vol % or more, or a combination thereof.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fuel cell is operated at a thermal ratio of 0.25 to 1.0.
20. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
introducing an anode input stream into the anode of a molten carbonate fuel cell; and
introducing a cathode input stream comprising O 2 , CO 2 , and H 2 O into the cathode of the molten carbonate fuel cell.