Reforming catalyst pattern for fuel cell operated with enhanced CO
A reforming element for a molten carbonate fuel cell stack and corresponding methods are provided that can reduce or minimize temperature differences within the fuel cell stack when operating the fuel cell stack with enhanced CO 2 utilization. The reforming element can include at least one surface with a reforming catalyst deposited on the surface. A difference between the minimum and maximum reforming catalyst density and/or activity on a first portion of the at least one surface can be 20% to 75%, with the highest catalyst densities and/or activities being in proximity to the side of the fuel cell stack corresponding to at least one of the anode inlet and the cathode inlet.
1. A method for producing electricity, the method comprising:
passing a fuel stream comprising a reformable fuel into a fuel cell stack comprising a first surface, the first surface comprising a first portion comprising a reforming catalyst, a reforming catalyst density on the first portion of the first surface having a difference between a maximum catalyst density and a minimum catalyst density of 20% to 75%;
reforming at least a portion of the reformable fuel in the presence of the first surface to produce reformed hydrogen;
introducing at least a portion of the reformable fuel, at least a portion of the reformed hydrogen, or a combination thereof into an anode of a molten carbonate fuel cell;
introducing a cathode input stream comprising O 2 and CO 2 into a cathode of the molten carbonate fuel cell; and
operating the molten carbonate fuel cell at a transference of 0.97 or less and an average current density of 60 mA/cm 2 or more to generate electricity, an anode exhaust comprising H 2 , CO, and CO 2 , and a cathode exhaust comprising 2.0 vol % or less CO 2 , 1.0 vol % or more H 2 O, and 1.0 vol % or more O 2 .
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reforming catalyst on the first portion of the first surface comprises a monotonic catalyst density variation.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the maximum catalyst density is in proximity to an anode inlet, or wherein the maximum catalyst density is in proximity to a cathode inlet.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the minimum catalyst density is in proximity to an anode outlet, or wherein the minimum catalyst density is in proximity to a cathode outlet.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fuel cell stack comprises a reforming element associated with the anode, wherein the first surface comprises an interior surface of the reforming element.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein a temperature variation within the fuel cell stack at a separator plate between the reforming element and the anode is 70° C. or less.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first surface comprises an interior surface of the anode.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein a temperature variation within the fuel cell stack at a separator plate between the anode and another element is 70° C. or less.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first surface further comprises a second portion.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the second portion is in proximity to a cathode inlet, or wherein the second portion is in proximity to an anode inlet.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the second portion comprises a constant catalyst density.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cathode input stream comprises 5.0 vol % or less CO 2 , or wherein the cathode exhaust comprises 1.0 vol % or less CO 2 , or a combination thereof.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the transference is 0.95 or less.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein a direction of flow in the cathode of the molten carbonate fuel cell is orthogonal to a direction of flow in the anode of the molten carbonate fuel cell.