Electrolyzer and method of use
Disclosed are membrane electrode assemblies having a cathode layer comprising a carbon oxide reduction catalyst that promotes reduction of a carbon oxide; an anode layer comprising a catalyst that promotes oxidation of a water; a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) layer disposed between, and in contact with, the cathode layer and the anode layer; and a salt having a concentration of at least about 10 uM in at least a portion of the MEA.
1. A method of electrolytically reducing a carbon oxide, the method comprising:
providing a salt solution to a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) comprising (a) a cathode layer comprising a carbon oxide reduction catalyst that promotes reduction of a carbon oxide; (b) an anode layer comprising a catalyst that promotes oxidation of a water; and (c) a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) layer disposed between, and in contact with, the cathode layer and the anode layer, wherein the salt solution comprises at least about 10 uM to less than 100 mM of a salt; and electrolytically reducing a carbon oxide at the cathode of the MEA while the MEA is in contact with the salt solution,
wherein the MEA is bipolar, having at least one layer of a cation conducting polymer, and at least one layer of an anion conducting polymer.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon oxide is carbon dioxide and wherein the reduction catalyst comprises gold, silver, copper, or a combination thereof.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon oxide is carbon monoxide and wherein the carbon oxide reduction catalyst comprises gold, silver, copper, or a combination thereof.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cathode layer comprises an anion conducting polymer.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anode layer comprises a cation conducting polymer.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the PEM layer comprises a polymer electrolyte layer and a cathode buffer layer.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the PEM layer comprises a cation conducting polymer and the cathode buffer layer comprises an anion conducting polymer.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the PEM layer comprises an anion conducting polymer.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the salt comprises alkali metal ions.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the salt comprises an anion selected from the group consisting of phosphate, sulfate, carbonate, bicarbonate, and hydroxide.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon oxide reduction catalyst comprises copper, and wherein the salt comprises (i) an alkali metal cation, and (ii) a bicarbonate, a sulfate, or a hydroxide anion.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the salt is present in the salt solution at a concentration of about 10 mM to about 50 mM.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the salt is present in the salt solution at a concentration of about 1 mM to about 50 mM.
14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the MEA is configured to produce methane by reducing carbon dioxide and/or carbon monoxide at the cathode layer, and wherein the salt comprises sodium ions.
15. The method of claim 11 , wherein the MEA is configured to produce one or more organic compounds having two or more carbon atoms by reducing carbon dioxide and/or carbon monoxide at the cathode layer, and wherein the salt comprises ions of potassium, cesium, rubidium, or any combination thereof.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon oxide reduction catalyst comprises gold, and wherein the salt comprises (i) an alkali metal cation and (ii) a bicarbonate, hydroxide, or sulfate anion.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the salt is present in the salt solution at a concentration of about 10 uM to about 20 mM.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the salt is present in the salt solution at a concentration of about 100 uM to about 20 mM.
19. The method of claim 16 , wherein the MEA is configured to produce carbon monoxide by reducing carbon dioxide at the cathode layer, and wherein the salt comprises alkali metal ions.
20. The method of claim 16 , wherein the MEA comprises substantially no transition metal ions.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon oxide reduction catalyst comprises copper, and wherein the salt comprises (i) an alkali metal cation and (ii) a bicarbonate or hydroxide anion.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the salt is present in the salt solution at a concentration of about 10 mM to about 50 mM.
23. The method of claim 21 , wherein the salt is present in the salt solution at a concentration of about 1 mM to about 50 mM.
24. The method of claim 21 , wherein the MEA is configured to produce methane by reducing carbon dioxide and/or carbon monoxide at the cathode layer, and wherein the salt comprises sodium ions.
25. The method of claim 21 , wherein the MEA is configured to produce one or more organic compounds having two or more carbon atoms by reducing carbon dioxide and/or carbon monoxide at the cathode layer, and wherein the salt comprises ions potassium, cesium, rubidium, or any combination thereof.
26. The method of claim 1 , wherein providing a salt solution to the MEA comprises supplying anode water to the anode layer of the MEA.
27. The method of claim 26 , further comprising (i) recovering anode water that was supplied to the MEA, and (ii) recirculating recovered anode water to the anode layer of the MEA.
28. The method of claim 27 , further comprising storing and/or treating the recovered anode water before recirculating the recovered anode water to the anode layer of the MEA.
29. The method of claim 27 , further comprising purifying the anode water and/or the recovered anode water to remove impurities from the anode water.
30. The method of claim 1 , further comprising (i) recovering water from a carbon oxide stream after the carbon oxide stream has contacted the cathode layer of the MEA, and (ii) providing recovered water from the carbon oxide stream to the anode layer of the MEA.
31. A method of electrolytically reducing a carbon oxide, the method comprising:
providing a salt solution to a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) comprising
(a) a cathode layer comprising a carbon oxide reduction catalyst comprising gold, silver, palladium, copper or a combination thereof, that promotes reduction of a carbon oxide;
(b) an anode layer comprising a catalyst that promotes oxidation of a water; and
(c) a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) layer disposed between, and in contact with, the cathode layer and the anode layer; and
electrolytically reducing a carbon oxide at the cathode of the MEA while the MEA is in contact with the salt solution;
wherein the salt comprises (i) an alkali metal cation and (ii) a bicarbonate, hydroxide, or sulfate anion, and the salt is present in the salt solution at a concentration of about 1 mM to about 5 mM, and
wherein the MEA is a bipolar MEA.
32. The method of claim 31 , wherein the carbon oxide reduction catalyst comprises gold, and wherein the salt comprises sodium bicarbonate or potassium bicarbonate.
33. The method of claim 32 , wherein the salt is present in the salt solution at a concentration of about 2 mM to about 5 mM.
34. The method of claim 32 , wherein the salt is potassium bicarbonate, the carbon oxide is carbon dioxide and the salt is present in the salt solution at a concentration of 3 mM.