Functionally enhanced flours, grits, and food products and methods of making and using same
A flour made using an admixture composed of starch-containing grain, seed or fruit of a cereal grain or grain legume of low water content extruded in a single screw extruder at an ultra-high extrusion pressure producing an extruded functionally enhanced flour usable as an instantized flour by only adding water. When water is added, the flour forms a paste or dough that is three dimensionally formed or shaped into food products that can be cooked or baked in an oven into human or animal edible food products. The extruded functionally enhanced instantized flour also can be used as an ingredient in other edible food products. A preferred extruded functionally enhanced instant flour is extruded at ultra-high pressure from an admixture composed substantially completely of one or more cereal grains and/or legumes using only the moisture present in the cereal grains and/or legumes.
1. A method of producing a functionally enhanced flour, comprising:
(a) providing a single screw extruder and an admixture comprised of one of a whole grain cereal grain and a whole grain legume, the admixture having a moisture content of between about 7% and about 18%; and
(b) extruding the admixture in the single screw extruder at an extrusion pressure greater than about 2000 psi and a residency time of no longer than 15 seconds to yield a functionally enhanced flour with a final water content of about 4% to about 10% and which is comprised of a cold-water soluble starch, wherein:
the extruding step is carried out without thermal input beyond heat generated from a changing pressure of extrudate; and
the final water content is attained without a post-extrusion water reducing step.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said functionally enhanced flour is comprised of cold-water soluble starch.
3. A method according to claim 2 , wherein said cold-water soluble starch of said functionally enhanced flour is comprised of cold-water soluble amylopectin starch.
4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said functionally enhanced flour comprises an instantized flour.
5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said single screw extruder is a 50 horsepower or a 100 horsepower single screw extruder.
6. The method according to claim 5 , further comprising an additional cereal grain, legume, fruit, vegetable, whey, proteins, vitamins, minerals, or nutrients.
7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the extrusion pressure of said single screw extruder is at least 4000 psi.
8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said single screw extruder has a die comprised of at least a plurality of holes, each hole having a size of 0.05 inches.
9. The method according to claim 8 , wherein said each one of said boles in said die of said single screw extruder has a diameter of 0.05 inches.
10. The method according to claim 8 , wherein said die of said single screw extruder has 154 holes.
11. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said admixture is substantially completely comprised of the one of the whole grain cereal grain and the whole grain legume.
12. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said admixture consists of the one of the whole grain cereal grain and the whole grain legume.
13. The method according to claim 12 , wherein during said particle size reduction step, said functionally enhanced flour granules are reduced in size to form smaller sized functionally enhanced flour particles such that at last 99% of the smaller sized functionally enhanced flour particles pass through a #70 US Standard Mesh Screen.
14. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said admixture consists of a single type of cereal grain or legume or a mixture of two or more types of cereal grains legumes.
15. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said functionally enhanced flour is reduced in particle size in a post-extrusion step.
16. A method according to claim 1 , wherein said functionally enhanced flour is substantially completely comprised of cold-water soluble starch.
17. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said functionally enhanced starch is comprised of at least 10% cold-water soluble starch.
18. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said one of the whole grain cereal grain and the whole grain legume comprises a grain, seed or fruit.
19. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said one of the whole grain cereal grain and the whole grain legume comprises at least one of corn, wheat, sorghum, millet, rice, barley and oats.
20. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said one of the whole grain cereal grain and the whole grain legume comprises at least one of a lentil, a chickpea, a pea, a lupin, and a bean.
21. The method according to claim 1 , wherein no water or moisture is added during extrusion.
22. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said functionally enhanced flour is usable after extrusion with only the addition of water thereto.
23. The method according to claim 22 , wherein said functionally enhanced flour is usable after extrusion without performing any post-extrusion processing thereon and without any additional ingredients, constituents or substances added thereto.
24. The method according to claim 22 , comprising the further step of mixing the functional flour with water and forming a three-dimensionally formable paste therefrom.
25. A method according to claim 1 , wherein said functionally enhanced flour extruded from said single screw extruder is comprised of functionally enhanced flour granules, and comprising the further step of reducing the size of said functionally enhanced flour granules to form smaller sized functionally enhanced flour particles such that at least 90% of the smaller sized functionally enhanced flour particles pass through a #70 US Standard Mesh Screen.
26. A method according to claim 25 , wherein during said particle size reduction step, said functionally enhanced flour granules are reduced in size to form smaller sized functionally enhanced flour particles such that at least 99% of the smaller sized functionally enhanced flour particles pass through a #70 US Standard Mesh Screen.
27. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said functionally enhanced flour is comprised of a pregelatinized form when extruded from said single screw extruder.
28. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said functionally enhanced flour does not retrograde.
29. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said functionally enhanced flour has a water activity level, a w , of less than 0.3 and a shelf life of at least 2 years.
30. The method according to claim 29 , wherein said functionally enhanced flour is in a pregelatinized form and does not retrograde.