Solid electrolytic capacitor containing an intrinsically conductive polymer

1. A solid electrolytic capacitor comprising a capacitor element, wherein the capacitor element comprises:

a sintered porous anode body that is formed from a powder having a specific charge of from about 10,000 μF*V/g to about 70,000 μF*V/g;

a dielectric that overlies the anode body, formed by anodically oxidizing the sintered porous anode body;

a conductive polymer coating that overlies the dielectric, wherein the conductive polymer coating contains poly(4-(2,3-dihydrothieno-[3,4-b][1,4]dioxin-2-ylmethoxy)-1-butane-sulphonic acid;

a solid electrolyte that overlies the conductive polymer coating, wherein the solid electrolyte includes:

i) at least one inner layer that overlies the conductive polymer coating, wherein the inner layer is generally free of extrinsically conductive polymers and includes an intrinsically conductive polymer containing repeating thiophene units of the following general formula (1) and/or (2):

wherein,

X 1 and X 2 are independently hydrogen, an optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted alkylene oxide, optionally substituted thiocyano, optionally substituted thioalkyl, or optionally substituted amino, or wherein X 1 and X 2 are combined to form an optionally substituted alkylenedioxy or an optionally substituted alkylenedithio group; and

R is an optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted alkylene oxide, optionally substituted aryl optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted condensed ring group, or a salt or acid of any of the foregoing; and

ii) at least one outer layer that overlies the inner layer, wherein the outer layer includes conductive polymer particles containing a complex of an extrinsically conductive thiophene polymer and a counterion; and

an external polymer coating that overlies the solid electrolyte and includes conductive polymer particles containing a complex of an extrinsically conductive thiophene polymer and a counterion;

wherein the capacitor exhibits a capacitance recovery of about 90% or more.

2. The solid electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein R is an alkyl group.

3. The solid electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , X 1 and X 2 in formula (1) and/or formula (2) are combined to form the following structure:

wherein,

Y 1 and Y 2 are independently O or S; and

X 5 is an alkylene group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, optionally having a substituent and/or an oxygen analog, nitrogen analog, or sulfur analog structure within the alkylene group.

4. The solid electrolytic capacitor of claim 3 , wherein Y 1 and Y 2 are O.

5. The solid electrolytic capacitor of claim 3 , wherein X 5 is ethylene.

6. The solid electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the outer layer contains a hydroxyl-functional nonionic polymer.

7. The solid electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the conductive polymer particles of the external polymer coating have an average size of from about 80 to about 600 nanometers.

8. The solid electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , further comprising an anode lead extending from the capacitor element.

9. The solid electrolytic capacitor of claim 8 , further comprising an anode termination that is in electrical contact with the anode lead and a cathode termination that is in electrical connection with the solid electrolyte.

10. The solid electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , further comprising a housing within which the capacitor element is enclosed.

11. The solid electrolytic capacitor of claim 10 , wherein the housing is formed from a resinous material that encapsulates the capacitor element.

12. The solid electrolytic capacitor of claim 10 , wherein the housing defines an interior cavity within which the capacitor element is positioned, wherein the interior cavity has a gaseous atmosphere.

13. The solid electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the anode body includes tantalum.

14. The solid electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the capacitor element further comprises a cathode coating that contains a metal particle layer that overlies the solid electrolyte, wherein the metal particle layer includes a plurality of conductive metal particles.

15. The solid electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the capacitor exhibits a breakdown voltage of about 85 volts or more.

16. The solid electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the counterion of the complex in the outer layer, the external polymer coating, or both includes a polymeric sulfonic acid.

17. The solid electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the external polymer coating further contains a crosslinking agent.

18. The solid electrolytic capacitor of claim 17 , wherein the crosslinking agent includes an amine.