Manufacturing of perovskite films
The present disclosure relates to a mixture that includes a perovskite precursor, a solvent, and an additive that includes at least one of a first amine, a ketone, an aldehyde, a non-nucleophilic sterically hindered base, and/or a halogen-containing compound, where, upon removal of the solvent and the additive, the perovskite precursor is capable of being transformed into a perovskite.
1. A mixture comprising:
a perovskite precursor;
a solvent; and
an additive comprising 4,4-dimethyl-2-pentanone, wherein:
the additive is present at a concentration relative to the solvent between greater than 0% v/v and less than or equal to 20% v/v, and
upon removal of the solvent and the additive, the perovskite precursor is capable of being transformed into a perovskite.
2. The mixture of claim 1 , wherein:
the perovskite has a stoichiometry of ABX 3 ,
A is a first cation,
B is a second cation, and
X is an anion.
3. The mixture of claim 1 , wherein the perovskite precursor comprises at least one of methylammonium chloride, methylammonium bromide, methylammonium iodide, formamidinium chloride, formamidinium bromide, formamidinium iodide, lead iodide (PbI 2 ), tin iodide, cesium chloride, cesium bromide, or cesium iodide.
4. The mixture of claim 3 , wherein the perovskite precursor comprises PbI 2 at a concentration between about 0.01 moles of PbI 2 per liter of solvent and about 10 moles of PbI 2 per liter of solvent, inclusively.
5. The mixture of claim 1 , wherein the additive further comprises at least one of acetone, 2-heptanone, or 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanone.
6. The mixture of claim 1 , wherein the additive further comprises at least one of acetaldehyde or benzaldehyde.
7. The mixture of claim 1 , wherein the halogen-containing compound and the perovskite precursor are at a ratio of thehalogen-containing compound to the perovskite precursor between greater than 0.0:1.0 and equal to 1.0:2:0.
8. The mixture of claim 1 , wherein the 4,4-dimethyl-2-pentanone is at a third concentration between 0.1 v/v % and 20 v/v %, inclusively, relative to the solvent.
9. The mixture of claim 8 , wherein the additive further comprises diisopropylethylamine.
10. The mixture of claim 9 , wherein the diisopropylethylamine is at a fourth concentration between about 0.01 v/v % and about 10 v/v %, inclusively, relative to the solvent.
11. The mixture of claim 1 , further comprising water.
12. The mixture of claim 11 , wherein the water is soluble in the mixture.
13. The mixture of claim 11 , wherein the water is present as a second phase in the mixture.
14. The mixture of claim 1 , wherein the solvent comprises at least one of a second amine, acetonitrile, benzonitrile, dimethylacetate, propylamine, propylene carbonate, valeronitrile, N-methylpyrrolidone, tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate, acetone, dimethylformamide, or dimethyl sulfoxide.
15. The mixture of claim 1 , further comprising at least one of diisopropylethylamine, triethylamine, 2,6-di-t-butylpyridine, or 1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene.
16. A method comprising:
combining a perovskite precursor, a solvent, and 4,4-dimethyl-2-pentanone to form a mixture;
applying the mixture to a substrate; and
treating the mixture, wherein:
the 4,4-dimethyl-2-pentanone is present at a concentration relative to the solvent between greater than 0% v/v and less than or equal to 20% v/v, and the treating results in the removing of at least a portion of the solvent and the 4,4-dimethyl-2-pentanone additive and the forming of a perovskite.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein at least one of the combining, the applying, or the treating is performed in an environment having a relative humidity between 0% and 100%.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the relative humidity is between about 30% and 40%.
19. The method of claim 17 , wherein the mixture further comprises water.
20. The method of claim 16 , wherein the solvent comprises at least one of a second amine, acetonitrile, benzonitrile, dimethylacetate, propylamine, propylene carbonate, valeronitrile, N-methylpyrrolidone, tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate, acetone, dimethylformamide, or dimethyl sulfoxide.
21. The method of claim 16 , wherein the applying of the mixture to the substrate is performed using is accomplished using at least one of blade coating, slot die coating, roll-to-roll coating, spin coating, gravure coating, aerosol coating, or inkjet printing.
22. The method of claim 16 , wherein the substrate is flexible.
23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the substrate comprises at least one of a polyethylene napthalate, a polyethylene terephthalate, a polyimide, a polyvinylfluoride, or a glass.