Electrolyzer and method of use
Provided herein are methods for operating carbon oxide (CO x ) reduction reactors (CRR) and related apparatus. In some embodiments, the methods involve shutting off, reducing, or otherwise controlling current during various operation stages including hydration, break-in, normal operation, planned shut-offs, and extended shutoff or storage periods.
1. A method of operating a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) for carbon oxide (CO x ) reduction comprising:
inletting a gas comprising CO x to the cathode of the MEA and applying a current to the MEA at a first current density, to thereby reduce CO x and produce a CO x reduction product; and
during normal operation, automatically pausing applied current according to a current pause schedule.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the current pause schedule comprises current-on periods at the first current density separated by current pause periods, wherein the applied current during at least a portion of a current pause period is zero or at a second current density lower than the first current density.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the duration of a current-on period is between 10 hours and 1000 hours.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the duration of a current pause period is between 5 minutes and 10 hours.
5. The method of claim 2 , wherein the duration of a current-on period between 1 hour and 10 hours.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the duration of a current pause period is between 500 microseconds and 20 minutes.
7. The method of claim 2 , wherein the duration of a current-on period between 3 minutes and 1 hour.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the duration of a current pause period is between 500 microsecond and 10 minutes.
9. The method of claim 2 , wherein the total current-on period duration is at least three times longer than the total current pause period duration.
10. The method of claim 2 , wherein the current pause period durations are constant and the current-on period durations are constant.
11. The method of claim 2 , wherein one or both the current pause period duration and the current-on period duration vary.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein pausing applied current comprises reducing the applied current to zero.
13. The method of claim 1 , further comprising stopping flow of the gas while pausing current.
14. The method of claim 1 , further comprising maintaining a flow of the gas while pausing current.
15. The method of claim 1 , further comprising inletting anode feed material to the anode of the MEA.
16. The method of claim 15 , further comprising stopping flow of the anode feed material while pausing current.
17. The method of claim 15 , further comprising maintaining a flow of the anode feed material while pausing current.
18. The method of claim 15 , further comprising maintaining the flow of the anode feed material at the same flow rate while pausing current.
19. The method of claim 1 , further comprising, prior to normal operation, performing a break-in procedure comprising applying current in a multi-step or continuous ramp to the first current density.
20. The method of claim 19 , further comprising, prior to the break-in procedure, performing a hydration operation in which no current is applied and wherein a cathode gas and an anode feed material are inlet to the cathode and anode, respectively, of the MEA.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein automatically pausing the applied current comprises a single step from the first current density.
22. The method of claim 1 , wherein automatically pausing the applied current comprises multiple steps from the first current density.
23. The method of claim 1 , wherein automatically pausing the applied current comprises a continuous ramp from the first current density.
24. The method of claim 1 , wherein automatically pausing the applied current comprises returning to the first current density using a single step.
25. The method of claim 1 , wherein automatically pausing the applied current comprises returning to the first current density using multiple steps.
26. The method of claim 1 , wherein automatically pausing the applied current comprises returning .
27. The method of claim 1 , further comprising maintaining the flow of the gas at the same flow rate while pausing current.
28. The method of claim 1 , further comprising maintaining the flow of the gas at the same flow rate while pausing current.
29. The method of claim 12 , wherein reducing the applied current to zero comprises shorting the MEA.
30. The method of claim 12 , wherein the MEA has an open circuit potential when the applied current is zero.
31. A system comprising:
a carbon oxide (CO x ) reduction reactor comprising one or more membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) arranged in a stack, each MEA comprising a (i) cathode comprising a CO x reduction catalyst that promotes reduction of a carbon oxide, (ii) an anode comprising a catalyst that promotes oxidation, and (iii) a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) layer disposed between the cathode and the anode; and
a power source controller configured to control current applied to CO x reduction reactor, wherein the power source controller is configured to, during normal operation of the CO x reduction reactor, automatically pause applied current according to a current pause schedule.
32. The system of claim 31 , wherein the current pause schedule comprises current-on periods at a first current density separated by current pause periods, wherein the applied current during at least a portion of a current pause period is zero or at a second current density lower than the first current density.
33. The system of claim 32 , wherein the duration of a current-on period is between 10 hours and 1000 hours.
34. The system of claim 33 , wherein the duration of a current pause period is between 5 minutes and 10 hours.
35. The system of claim 32 , wherein the duration of a current-on period is between 1 hour and 10 hours.
36. The system of claim 35 , wherein the duration of a current pause period is between 500 microseconds and 20 minutes.
37. The system of claim 32 , wherein the duration of a current-on period is between 3 minutes and 1 hour.
38. The system of claim 37 , wherein the duration of a current pause period is between 500 microsecond and 10 minutes.
39. The system of claim 32 , wherein the total current-on period duration is at least three times longer than the total current pause period duration.
40. The system of claim 32 , wherein the current pause period durations are constant and the current-on period durations are constant.
41. The system of claim 32 , wherein one or both of the current pause period duration and the current-on period duration vary.
42. The system of claim 32 , wherein automatically pausing the applied current comprises a single step from the first current density.
43. The system of claim 32 , wherein automatically pausing the applied current comprises multiple steps from the first current density.
44. The system of claim 32 , wherein automatically pausing the applied current comprises a continuous ramp from the first current density.
45. The system of claim 32 , wherein automatically pausing the applied current comprises returning to the first current density using a single step.
46. The system of claim 32 , wherein automatically pausing the applied current comprises returning to the first current density using multiple steps.
47. The system of claim 42 , wherein automatically pausing the applied current comprises returning to the first current density using a continuous ramp.
48. The system of claim 41 , wherein automatically pausing the applied current comprises reducing the applied current to zero.
49. The system of claim 48 , wherein reducing the applied current to zero comprises shorting the MEA.
50. The system of claim 48 , wherein the MEA has an open circuit potential when the applied current is zero.
51. The system of claim 32 , wherein the system is configured, prior to normal operation, to perform a break-in procedure comprising applying current in a multi-step or continuous ramp to the first current density.
52. The system of claim 32 , further comprising a cathode subsystem configured to interact with a cathode of the COx reduction reactor and comprising a carbon oxide flow controller configured to control flow of a carbon oxide feed stream to a cathode of the COx reduction reactor.
53. The system of claim 52 , wherein the carbon oxide flow controller is configured to stop the flow of the carbon oxide feed stream during a current pause.
54. The system of claim 52 , wherein the carbon oxide flow controller is configured to maintain a flow of carbon oxide during a current pause, at the same or different flow rate.
55. The system of claim 32 , further comprising an anode subsystem configured to interact with an anode of the COx reduction reactor and comprising an anode water flow controller configured to control flow an anode feed stream to an anode of the COx reduction reactor.
56. The system of claim 55 , wherein the anode water flow controller is configured to stop the flow of the anode feed stream during a current pause.
57. The system of claim 55 , wherein the anode water flow controller is configured to maintain a flow of the anode feed stream during a current pause, at the same or different flow rate.
58. The system of claim 55 , further comprising a controller configured to adjust the composition of the anode feed stream during a current pause.
59. The system of claim 32 , further comprising a backpressure controller configured to maintain pressure at the cathode side of a MEA.
60. The system of claim 52 , wherein the cathode subsystem is configured to controllably recycle unreacted carbon oxide from an outlet stream back to the cathode of a MEA.
61. The system of claim 32 , further comprising an anode water recirculation loop.