Low reflection articles and related systems and methods
Low reflection articles, and related systems and methods are disclosed. The articles have a surface with primary pores and secondary pores. At least some of the secondary pores contain agent, such, for example, a light absorbing dye.
1. An article, comprising:
a substrate comprising a metal; and
a light absorbing agent,
wherein:
a surface of the substrate comprises primary pores and secondary pores; and
an average diameter of the primary pores is at least four times greater than an average diameter of the secondary pores.
2. An article, comprising:
a substrate comprising a metal,
wherein:
a surface of the substrate comprises primary pores and secondary pores;
an average diameter of the primary pores is from 500 nm to 15 μm; and
an average diameter of the secondary pores 50 nm to about 250 nm.
3. The article of claim 2 , wherein an average diameter of the primary pores is at least four times greater than an average diameter of the secondary pores.
4. The article of claim 1 , wherein the average diameter of the primary pores is at least five times greater than the average diameter of the secondary pores.
5. The article of claim 1 , wherein the average diameter of the primary pores is at least 500 nm.
6. The article of claim 1 , wherein the average diameter of the primary pores is at least 1 μm.
7. The article of claim 1 , wherein the average diameter of the primary pores is at most 5 μm.
8. The article of claim 1 , wherein the article has a region which comprises the primary pores, and the region of the article has a porosity ratio of at least 0.1.
9. The article of claim 1 , wherein the article has a region which comprises the primary pores, and the region of the article has a porosity ratio of at most 0.3.
10. The article of claim 1 , wherein the average diameter of the secondary pores is at most 250 nm.
11. The article of claim 1 , wherein the average diameter of the secondary pores is at least 50 nm.
12. The article of claim 1 , wherein the secondary pores have an average aspect ratio of at least 10.
13. The article of claim 1 , wherein the secondary pores have an average aspect ratio of at most 40.
14. The article of claim 1 , wherein at least some of the secondary pores comprise the light absorbing agent.
15. The article of claim 14 , wherein the light absorbing agent comprises a visible light absorbing agent.
16. The article of claim 14 , wherein the light absorbing agent comprises a dye.
17. The article of claim 16 , wherein the dye comprises a water-soluble dye.
18. The article of claim 1 , wherein the surface of the article has a fractional reflectance of at most 0.0002 at a wavelength of from 400 nm to 700 nm.
19. The article of claim 1 , wherein:
the surface of the article has a first fractional reflectance at a first wavelength of from 400 nm to 700 nm;
the surface of the article has a second fractional reflectance at a second wavelength of from 400 nm to 700 nm;
the first wavelength is different from the second wavelength; and
the first fractional reflectance is different from the second fractional reflectance.
20. The article of claim 1 , wherein the surface of the article has a fractional reflectance of at most 0.0002 at a wavelength of from 10 nm to 400 nm.
21. The article of claim 1 , wherein the metal comprises a member selected from the group consisting of aluminum, titanium, niobium, tantalum, magnesium and zinc.
22. The article of claim 1 , wherein a portion of the substrate comprises an oxide, and the oxide comprises the metal.
23. The article of claim 22 , wherein the secondary pores are present in the portion of the oxide.
24. The article of claim 1 , wherein the surface of the article comprises a fluoro-aluminate.
25. The article of claim 1 , wherein the surface of the article comprises a hydrated aluminum oxide.
26. The article of claim 2 , wherein the article has a region which comprises the primary pores, and the region of the article has a porosity ratio of at least 0.1.
27. The article of claim 2 , wherein the secondary pores have an average aspect ratio of at least 10.
28. The article of claim 2 , further comprising a light absorbing agent.
29. The article of claim 28 , wherein at least some of the secondary pores comprise the light absorbing agent.
30. The article of claim 29 , wherein the light absorbing agent comprises a visible light absorbing agent.
31. The article of claim 29 , wherein the light absorbing agent comprises a dye.
32. The article of claim 31 , wherein the dye comprises a water-soluble dye.
33. The article of claim 2 , wherein the surface of the article has a fractional reflectance of at most 0.0002 at a wavelength of from 400 nm to 700 nm.
34. The article of claim 2 , wherein the surface of the article has a fractional reflectance of at most 0.0002 at a wavelength of from 10 nm to 400 nm.
35. The article of claim 2 , wherein the metal comprises a member selected from the group consisting of aluminum, titanium, niobium, tantalum, magnesium and zinc.
36. The article of claim 2 , wherein a portion of the substrate comprises an oxide, and the oxide comprises the metal.
37. The article of claim 36 , wherein the secondary pores are present in the portion of the oxide.
38. The article of claim 2 , wherein the surface of the article comprises a fluoro-aluminate.
39. The article of claim 2 , wherein the surface of the article comprises a hydrated aluminum oxide.