Target enrichment
The present disclosure provides, among other things, a way to amplify and sequence target sequences in a low-input sample. In some embodiments, the method comprises ligating a double-stranded adaptor onto a population of fragments to produce tagged fragments, and linearly amplifying the tagged fragments.
1. A method for enriching for target sequences in biological samples, each sample characterized by a genome, the method comprising:
(a) obtaining duplex polynucleotide fragments from the genomes of each of the biological samples;
(b) ligating a first adaptor to the fragments from each sample to produce ligated polynucleotide fragments wherein each sample is in a separate reaction mix and wherein the first adaptor comprises:
a 5′ top strand that comprises from 5′ to 3′, a leader sequence, a sample tag, and a sequence that is complementary to a 3′ bottom strand, the 3′ bottom strand comprising at least one modified nucleotide and not the sample tag nor the leader sequence,
wherein at least some of the polynucleotide fragments in each sample comprise a target sequence;
(c) pooling the ligated polynucleotide fragments into a single reaction mix wherein each sample of the multiple samples is tagged with a different sample tag;
(d) hybridizing an oligonucleotide having an affinity binding domain to the 3′ end of the target sequence on each strand of the pooled polynucleotide fragments and immobilizing the hybridized oligonucleotide on a substrate;
(e) removing any 3′ non-target single stranded overhang sequences to form a double-stranded end of the polynucleotide fragment;
(f) ligating a second adaptor, optionally having an index sequence, to the 3′ double-stranded end of the polynucleotide fragment, wherein:
(i) the second adaptor has a duplex at its 5′ end and a 3′ single strand overhang with a terminal 3′-5′ exonuclease blocking moiety on its 3′ end; and
(ii) the duplex 5′ end has a top strand and a bottom strand where the bottom strand has at least one modified nucleotide;
(g) removing the bottom strand of the second adaptor by enzymatic degradation at the modified nucleotides to form a single stranded polynucleotide immobilized on a substrate by the hybridized oligonucleotide;
(h) removing immobilized polynucleotides that do not contain target sequences using a 3′-5′ double-stranded exonuclease; and
(i) obtaining the enriched target sequences.
2. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising: introducing the index sequence during library amplification.
3. The method according to claim 2 , further comprising pooling the polynucleotides having the index sequence with other polynucleotides having different index sequences.
4. The method according to claim 3 , wherein step (i) further comprises sequencing the enriched target sequences in a single sequencing reaction to determine the genotype of the biological samples.
5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein step (e) further comprises using a 3′-5′ single stranded exonuclease or a plurality of 3′-5′ single stranded exonucleases to remove the 3′ non target single stranded region.
6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the 5′ top strand in (b) further comprises a unique molecule identifier (UMI).
7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one modified nucleotide in (b) and (f) are deoxyuridine and enzyme degradation in (e) and (g) is achieved using UDG.
8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein (g) further comprises amplifying the immobilized polynucleotides using a primer containing an index sequence.
9. The method according to claim 1 , wherein step (i) further comprises sequencing the enriched target sequences in the biological samples in a single sequencing step.
10. The method according to claim 9 further comprising obtaining genotypes from the sequencing data.
11. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the duplex polynucleotide fragments comprise DNA.
12. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the affinity binding domain is biotin.
13. A method of making an enriched population of polynucleotides comprising target sequences from biological samples, each sample characterized by a genome, the method comprising:
(a) A-tailing duplex polynucleotide fragments from the genomes of the biological samples to produce A-tailed polynucleotide fragments;
(b) ligating a first adaptor to the A-tailed polynucleotide fragments from each sample to produce ligated polynucleotide fragments wherein each sample is in a separate reaction mix and wherein the first adaptor comprises:
a 5′ top strand that comprises from 5′ to 3′, a leader sequence, a sample tag unique to each separate reaction mix, and a sequence that is complementary to a 3′ bottom strand, the 3′ bottom strand comprising at least one modified nucleotide and not the sample tag nor the leader sequence,
wherein at least some of the polynucleotide fragments in each sample comprise a target sequence;
(c) pooling the ligated polynucleotide fragments into a single reaction mix to form pooled polynucleotide fragments;
(d) hybridizing an oligonucleotide having an affinity binding domain to the 3′ end of the target sequence on each strand of the pooled polynucleotide fragments to form duplexes, each duplex comprising one of the pooled polynucleotide fragments, and immobilizing the duplexes on a substrate to form immobilized duplexes;
(e) removing from the immobilized duplexes any 3′ non-target single stranded overhanging sequences to form a polynucleotide-oligonucleotide duplex having a double-stranded end;
(f) ligating a second adaptor, optionally having an index sequence, to the double-stranded end of the polynucleotide-oligonucleotide duplexes to form second adapter ligation products, wherein:
(i) the second adaptor has a duplex at its 5′ end and a 3′ single strand overhang with a terminal 3′-5′ exonuclease blocking moiety on its 3′ end; and
(ii) the duplex 5′ end has a top strand and a bottom strand where the bottom strand has at least one modified nucleotide;
(g) enzymatically degrading the modified nucleotides of the second adapter ligation products to form a single stranded polynucleotide immobilized on a substrate by the hybridized oligonucleotide; and
(h) removing immobilized polynucleotides that do not contain target sequences using a 3′-5′ double-stranded exonuclease to form the enriched population of single stranded polynucleotides comprising target sequences.
14. The method according to claim 13 further comprising contacting the single stranded polynucleotides with one or more primers to amplify the enriched target sequences.
15. The method according to claim 13 , further comprising: introducing the index sequence during library amplification.
16. The method according to claim 13 , wherein step (e) further comprises using a 3′-5′ single stranded exonuclease or a plurality of 3′-5′ single stranded exonucleases to remove the 3′ non target single stranded region.
17. The method according to claim 13 , wherein the 5′ top strand in (b) further comprises a unique molecule identifier (UMI).
18. The method according to claim 13 , wherein the at least one modified nucleotide in (b) and (f) are deoxyuridine and enzyme degradation in (e) and (g) is achieved using UDG.
19. The method according to claim 13 , wherein (g) further comprises amplifying the immobilized polynucleotides using a primer containing an index sequence.
20. The method according to claim 13 , further comprising pooling the polynucleotides having the index sequence with other polynucleotides having different index sequences.
21. The method according to claim 20 , wherein step (h) further comprises sequencing in a single sequencing reaction the enriched population of single stranded polynucleotides comprising target sequences to determine the genotype of the biological samples.
22. The method according to claim 13 , wherein step (h) further comprises sequencing in a single sequencing step the enriched population of single stranded polynucleotides comprising target sequences.
23. The method according to claim 22 further comprising obtaining genotypes from the sequencing data.
24. The method according to claim 13 , wherein the affinity binding domain is biotin.