Methods of preparing an electrode material with metal alkoxide or metal aryloxide

1. A method of preparing an anode material comprising:

providing silicon particles;

forming a mixture comprising the silicon particles dispersed in a solvent; forming a suspension by adding metal alkoxide or metal aryloxide to the mixture;

evaporating the solvent in the suspension to form metal alkoxide or metal aryloxide coated silicon particles; and

heating the coated silicon particles to form metal oxide coated silicon particles;

wherein the metal alkoxide and metal aryloxide are represented by M(OR)x, wherein

M is a metal;

each R is independently selected from the group consisting of methyl (Me), ethyl (Et), n-propyl (Prn), iso-propyl (Pri), n-butyl (Bun), sec-butyl (Bus), iso-butyl (Bui), and tert-butyl (But), phenyl, naphthyl, tolyl, and xylyl; and

x is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and wherein

M is selected from the group consisting of K, Rb, Cs, Nb, Be, Ca, Sr, Ba, Fe, Cd, Co, Ni, Mn, Hg, Sm, Cr, Ln, Fe, Mo, W, Yln, Sn, Ce, Ge, Se, Th, Pb, Hf, Sb, V, Ta and U.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal alkoxide is Nb(OR) 5 .

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein M is a Group 1 metal.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein M is Nb.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein M is a bivalent metal, a trivalent metal, a quadrivalent metal, a quinquevalent metal, or a sexavalent metal.

6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the bivalent metal is selected from the group consisting of beryllium (Be) (II), calcium (Ca) (II), strontium (Sr) (II), barium (Ba) (II), iron (Fe) (II), cadmium (Cd) (II), cobalt (Co) (II), nickel (Ni) (II), manganese (Mn) (II), mercury (Hg) (II), and samarium (Sm) (II).

7. The method of claim 5 , wherein the trivalent metal is selected from the group consisting of chromium (Cr) (Ill), lanthanum (Ln) (Ill), iron (Fe) (Ill), molybdenum (Mo) (Ill), tungsten (W) (III) and indium (In) (Ill).

8. The method of claim 5 , wherein the quadrivalent metal is selected from the group consisting of tin (Sn) (IV), cerium (Ce) (IV), germanium (Ge) (IV), selenium (Se) (IV), thorium (Th) (IV), lead (Pb) (IV), and hafnium (Hf) (IV).

9. The method of claim 5 , wherein the quinquevalent metal is selected from the group consisting of antimony (Sb) (V), vanadium (V) (V), tantalum (Ta) (V), and uranium (U) (V).

10. The method of claim 5 , wherein the sexavalent metal is molybdenum (Mo) (VI) or tungsten (W) (VI).

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide is a transition metal oxide.

12. A method of forming an anode comprising:

providing the metal oxide coated silicon particles prepared using the method of claim 1 ;

forming an anode active material precursor comprising the metal oxide coated silicon particles dispersed in a carbon precursor;

coating the anode active material precursor onto a substrate to form a green active material film;

drying the green active material film; and

heating the green active material film to form a silicon-carbon composite anode material film.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the carbon precursor comprises polyamic acid resin.

14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the anode active material precursor further comprises graphite particles.

15. A method of making an electrochemical device, the method comprising:

providing a first electrode comprising the silicon-carbon composite anode material film formed using the method of claim 12 ;

providing a second electrode; and

providing electrolyte.

16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the electrochemical device is a lithium-ion battery.

17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the second electrode is selected from the group consisting of:

Ni-rich LiNi x Co y Mn z O 2 , wherein 0≤x, y, z<1,

Ni-rich Li[Ni x Co y Al 1−x−y ]O 2 , wherein 0≤x, y, z<1,

Li-rich xLi 2 MnO 3 .(1−x)LiNi a Co b Mn c O 2 , wherein 0<x<1 and a+b+c=1,

Ni-rich LiNi 1−x M x O 2 , wherein M comprises Co, Mn, or Al,

Li-rich layered LiNi 1−x M 1−x O 2 , wherein M comprises Co, Mn, or Ni,

a high-voltage spinel LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 , and

a polyanionic compound comprising a phosphate, a sulfate, or a silicate.