Preparation of therapeutic exosomes using membrane proteins
The present invention relates to methods of preparing a therapeutic exosome using a protein newly-identified to be enriched on the surface of exosomes. Specifically, the present invention provides methods of using the proteins for affinity purification of exosomes. It also provides methods of localizing a therapeutic peptide on exosomes, and targeting exosomes to a specific organ, tissue or cell by using the proteins. The methods involve generation of surface-engineered exosomes that include one or more of the exosome proteins at higher density, or a variant or a fragment of the exosome protein.
1. A method of preparing a composition comprising exosomes, comprising transfecting a producer cell with a nucleotide sequence encoding a scaffold protein, wherein the scaffold protein comprises a prostaglandin F2 receptor negative regulator (PTGFRN), basigin (BSG), immunoglobulin superfamily member 2 (IGSF2), immunoglobulin superfamily member 3 (IGSF3), immunoglobulin superfamily member 8 (IGSF8), integrin beta-1 (ITGB1), ITGA4 (integrin alpha-4), 4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain (SLC3A2), ATP transporter, or a fragment or a variant thereof, wherein exosomes expressing the scaffold protein are produced.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising isolating the exosomes that are produced.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the scaffold protein is a fusion protein comprising a PTGFRN, BSG, IGSF2, IGSF3, IGSF8, ITGB1, ITGA4, SLC3A2, ATP transporter, or a fragment or a variant thereof, and a polypeptide sequence.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the polypeptide sequence comprises a therapeutic protein, a targeting moiety, or any combination thereof.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the scaffold protein is present on the exosomes at a density that is about 2-fold to about 1000-fold higher than the density of the scaffold protein present in native exosomes.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the exosomes further comprise a targeting moiety.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the exosomes further comprise a therapeutic protein, which comprises:
(a) an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof,
(b) an enzyme or a functional fragment thereof,
(c) a ligand or a functional fragment thereof,
(d) a receptor or a functional fragment,
(e) an antimicrobial peptide or a functional fragment,
(f) a functional fragment of any of (a)-(e), or
(g) any combination of (a)-(f).
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the therapeutic protein is fused to the scaffold protein.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the exosomes further comprise a therapeutic compound.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the producer cell comprises HEK293 cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition further comprises vesicles produced by living cells by direct plasma membrane budding.
12. An exosome produced by the method of claim 1 .
13. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the exosome of claim 12 and an excipient.
14. A method of treating a disease in a subject in need thereof comprising administering the exosome of claim 12 to the subject.
15. An exosome comprising a scaffold protein which comprises a PTGFRN, BSG, IGSF3, IGSF8, IGSF2, ITGB1, ITGA4, SLC3A2, ATP transporter, or a fragment or a variant thereof, wherein the scaffold protein is present at a density that is higher than the density of the scaffold protein in a native exosome.
16. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the exosome of claim 15 and an excipient.
17. A cell line for producing the exosome of claim 15 .
18. The cell line of claim 17 , which comprises HEK293 cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).
19. A method of treating a disease in a subject in need thereof comprising administering the exosome of claim 15 to the subject.
20. The exosome of claim 15 , wherein the density of the scaffold protein is about 32-fold to about 400-fold higher than the density of the scaffold protein present in the native exosome.