Systems and methods for detecting a proppant in a wellbore
A method includes acquiring a first set of data before a proppant is pumped into a wellbore. The method also includes acquiring a second set of data after the proppant is pumped into the wellbore. The method also includes determining a weighted average median of the first set of data and of the second set of data. The method also includes determining a location of the proppant in a subterranean formation based at least partially upon the weighted average medians.
1. A method, comprising:
acquiring a first set of data before a proppant is pumped into a wellbore;
acquiring a second set of data after the proppant is pumped into the wellbore;
determining a weighted average median of the first set of data and a weighted average median of the second set of data; and
determining a location of the proppant in a subterranean formation based at least partially upon the weighted average median of the first set of data and the weighted average median of the second set of data.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein acquiring the first set of data comprises:
introducing an electric current into the subterranean formation using an electric current source, wherein the electric current generates a first electromagnetic field in the subterranean formation; and
measuring the first electromagnetic field with a sensor located at or near Earth's surface.
3. The method of claim 2 , further comprising introducing a second electromagnetic field in the subterranean formation, wherein the sensor measures the second electromagnetic field, and wherein determining the weighted average medians of the first and second sets of data is used to at least partially filter the second electromagnetic field out of the first and second sets of data.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the proppant is electrically-conductive.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising converting the first and second sets of data from a time domain into a frequency domain before determining the weighted average medians of the first and second sets of data.
6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
determining that the first and second sets of data are not unimodal; and
removing one or more outliers from the first set of data and second set of data prior to determining the weighted average median of the first set of data and the weighted average median of the second set of data.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein determining the weighted average median of the first set of data comprises determining median values of one or more data points in the first set of data using a mathematical resampling technique configured for variance and bias estimation.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein determining the weighted average median of the first set of data also comprises determining a likelihood that a selected data point of the one or more data points is a true median value of the first set of data.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the likelihood is determined using a folded cumulative distribution formula for a Gaussian distribution.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the folded cumulative distribution formula is determined as a combination of a standard normal cumulative distribution function and the function's complement.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the standard normal cumulative distribution function (F(x)) is determined by Equation (1):
F
(
x
)
=
Φ
(
x
-
μ
σ
)
=
1
2
[
1
+
erf
x
-
μ
σ
2
]
Eq
.
(
1
)
wherein F represents density, μ represents mean, σ represents deviation, x represents a sample data point, and Φ is a representative function of z-score of x, and wherein the complement (Q(x)) is determined by Equation (2):
Q ( x )=1−Φ( x ) Eq. (2).
12. The method of claim 8 , wherein determining the weighted average median of the first set of data comprises determining a weighted average of the median values based at least partially upon the likelihood, and wherein the likelihood is used as a weighting factor.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein determining the weighted average median of the first set of data also comprises determining a stacked value based at least partially upon the weighted average.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the location of the proppant is determined using geophysical inversion.
15. The method of claim 1 , further comprising performing a physical action in response to determining the location of the proppant in the subterranean formation.
16. A method for determining a location of a proppant in a subterranean formation, comprising:
acquiring a set of data from a sensor, wherein the set of data comprises:
a first portion corresponding to a first electromagnetic field introduced into the subterranean formation by an electric current source; and
a second portion corresponding to a second electromagnetic field introduced into the subterranean formation by equipment, wherein the second portion comprises noise;
determining median values of one or more data points in the set of data using a mathematical resampling technique that is configured for variance and bias estimation;
determining a likelihood that a selected data point of the one or more data points is a true median value of the set of data;
determining a weighted average of the median values based at least partially upon the likelihood, wherein the likelihood is used as a weighting factor;
determining a stacked value based at least partially upon the weighted average; and
determining a location of a proppant in the subterranean formation based at least partially upon the stacked value by using geophysical inversion.
17. A system for determining a location of a proppant in a subterranean formation, comprising:
an electric current source configured to introduce an electric current into a subterranean formation at an injection point that is positioned in a wellbore, wherein the electric current is configured to produce a first electromagnetic field;
a sensor configured to measure the first electromagnetic field and to produce a set of data therefrom; and
a computing system configured to:
determine a weighted average median of the set of data; and
determine a location of the proppant in the subterranean formation based at least partially upon the weighted average median.
18. The system of claim 17 , wherein determining the weighted average median of the set of data comprises determining median values of one or more data points in the set of data using a mathematical resampling technique that is configured for variance and bias estimation.
19. The system of claim 18 , wherein determining the weighted average median of the set of data also comprises determining a likelihood that a selected data point of the one or more data points is a true median value of the set of data.
20. The system of claim 19 , wherein determining the weighted average median of the set of data also comprises determining a weighted average of the median values based at least partially upon the likelihood, wherein the likelihood is used as a weighting factor.