Implants using ultrasonic backscatter for sensing physiological conditions
Described herein is an implantable device having a sensor configured to detect an amount of an analyte, a pH, a temperature, strain, or a pressure; and an ultrasonic transducer with a length of about 5 mm or less in the longest dimension, configured to receive current modulated based on the analyte amount, the pH, the temperature, or the pressure detected by the sensor, and emit an ultrasonic backscatter based on the received current. The implantable device can be implanted in a subject, such as an animal or a plant. Also described herein are systems including one or more implantable devices and an interrogator comprising one or more ultrasonic transducers configured to transmit ultrasonic waves to the one or more implantable devices or receive ultrasonic backscatter from the one or more implantable devices. Also described are methods of detecting an amount of an analyte, a pH, a temperature, a strain, or a pressure.
1. An implantable device, comprising:
a sensor configured to detect a physiological signal; and
an ultrasonic transducer with a longest dimensional length of 5 mm or less, the ultrasonic transducer configured to receive ultrasonic waves that power the implantable device, receive a current modulated based on the physiological signal detected by the sensor, and emit a physiological-signal-dependent ultrasonic backscatter based on the current received by the ultrasonic transducer.
2. The implantable device of claim 1 , wherein the ultrasonic backscatter encodes a digitized signal.
3. The implantable device of claim 1 , wherein the ultrasonic transducer is configured to receive ultrasonic waves that power the implantable device.
4. The implantable device of claim 3 , wherein the ultrasonic transducer is configured to receive the ultrasonic waves from an interrogator comprising one or more ultrasonic transducers.
5. The implantable device of claim 1 , wherein the ultrasonic transducer is a bulk piezoelectric transducer, a piezoelectric micro-machined ultrasonic transducer (PMUT) or a capacitive micro-machined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT).
6. The implantable device of claim 1 , wherein the implantable device is 5 mm or less in length in the longest dimension.
7. The implantable device of claim 1 , wherein the volume of the implantable device is about 5 mm 3 or less.
8. The implantable device of claim 1 , wherein the implantable device further comprises an integrated circuit.
9. The implantable device of claim 8 , wherein the integrated circuit comprises a power circuit.
10. The implantable device of claim 8 , wherein the integrated circuit comprises a driver configured to provide a current to the sensor.
11. The implantable device of claim 8 , wherein the integrated circuit comprises a front end configured to receive a signal from the sensor.
12. The implantable device of claim 8 , wherein the integrated circuit comprises a digital circuit.
13. The implantable device of claim 12 , wherein the digital circuit is configured to operate a modulation circuit.
14. The implantable device of claim 13 , wherein the digital circuit is configured to transmit a digitized signal to the modulation circuit, wherein the digitized signal is based on the detected physiological signal.
15. The implantable device of claim 12 , wherein the integrated circuit comprises a memory that stores one or more programs for operating the implantable device.
16. The implantable device of claim 11 , wherein the digital circuit comprises a microcontroller.
17. The implantable device of claim 11 , wherein the digital circuit comprises a finite state machine.
18. The implantable device of claim 1 , wherein the implanted device is at least partially encapsulated by a biocompatible material.
19. The implantable device of claim 1 , wherein the implantable device comprises two or more sensors.
20. A system, comprising:
the implantable device of claim 1 ; and
an interrogator comprising one or more ultrasonic transducers configured to transmit the ultrasonic waves that power the implantable device, and receive the ultrasonic backscatter from the implantable device.