Quantumproof blockchain
Bitcoins and the underlying blockchain technology are one of the main innovations in building decentralized applications. The effects of quantum computing on this technology are analyzed in general. Provided herein are effective solutions to address security vulnerabilities in a blockchain-based system that can be exploited by a quantum attacker.
1. A method for securely signing a blockchain transaction comprising:
hashing the blockchain transaction to generate a string of hashed bits, wherein a length of the string of hashed bits is a predetermined number;
generating a private key comprising pairs of random numbers, wherein a number of the generated pairs is determined by the predetermined number, wherein each generated pair corresponds to a bit of the string of hashed bits, and wherein each random number comprises a string of bits having a length of the predetermined number;
hashing the random numbers of the private key to generate a public key;
for each hashed bit of the string of hashed bits, selecting a random number of the pair of random numbers;
concatenating each selected random number to generate a signature;
associating the hashed bits, the signature, and the public key with the blockchain transaction; and
storing the public key in at least one block such that in subsequent transactions; later blocks refer to the at least one block for the public key, and do not store the public key.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the predetermined number is 256.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the selected random number of the corresponding pair of random numbers is selected based on a value of the hashed bit.
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising utilizing at least one of a Winternitz One Time Signature scheme and a Rainbow signature scheme.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the signature is stored in the at least one block when the Winternitz One Time Signature scheme is utilized.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein when a Winternitz One Time Signature scheme is utilized, the public key is not stored in the at least one block and is computed from the signature.
7. A system comprising:
one or more processors;
a non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium in operable communication with at least one processor of the one or more processors, wherein the computer-readable storage medium contains one or more programming instructions that, when executed, cause the processor to securely sign a blockchain transaction, the signing comprising:
hashing the blockchain transaction to generate a string of hashed bits, wherein a length of the string of hashed bits is a predetermined number;
generating a private key comprising pairs of random numbers, wherein a number of the generated pairs is determined by the predetermined number, wherein each generated pair corresponds to a bit of the string of hashed bits, and wherein each random number comprises a string of bits having a length of the predetermined number;
hashing the random numbers of the private key to generate a public key;
for each hashed bit of the string of hashed bits, selecting a random number of the pair of random numbers;
concatenating each selected random number to generate a signature;
associating the hashed bits, the signature, and the public key with the blockchain transaction; and
storing the public key in at least one block such that in subsequent transactions; later blocks refer to the at least one block for the public key, and do not store the public key.
8. The system of claim 7 wherein the predetermined number is 256.
9. The system of claim 7 wherein the selected random number of the corresponding pair of random numbers is selected based on a value of the hashed bit.
10. The system of claim 7 , wherein the signing further comprises utilizing at least one of a Winternitz One Time Signature scheme and a Rainbow signature scheme.
11. The system of claim 10 , wherein the signature is stored in the at least one block when the Winternitz One Time Signature scheme is utilized.
12. The system of claim 7 , wherein when a Winternitz One Time Signature scheme is utilized, the public key is not stored in the at least one block and is computed from the signature.