Laser
A laser is disclosed having a housing formed of a block of glass-ceramic. The block is machined (or otherwise formed) to define one or more channels that act as a waveguide in two dimensions for light within the laser resonator. The channels extend between cavities also formed within the block which retain optical components of the laser, e.g. one or more of the gain medium, cavity mirrors, intermediate reflectors etc. The positioning, shape and size of each cavity is bespoke for the optical component it holds in order that each optical component is retained in optical alignment rigidly against the sides of the cavity.
1. A laser comprising:
a gain medium;
resonator mirrors;
a pump mechanism configured to energise the gain medium and a hollow waveguide;
wherein the hollow waveguide is arranged between the gain medium and at least one of the resonator mirrors to guide light between the gain medium and at least one of the resonator mirrors, the laser including a single integral piece body that:
defines one or more conduits that provide, at least in part, the hollow waveguide, and
includes one or more cavities to retain the resonator mirrors; and
wherein cross-sectional dimensions of the hollow waveguide are configured to select a beam that is predominantly at lowest order TEM 00 mode, that extends substantially the entire distance between the gain medium and the at least one resonator mirrors.
2. A laser according to claim 1 , wherein the single integral piece body defines multiple conduits configured to provide multiple waveguides that lie between the gain medium and the resonator mirrors, and the laser comprises:
a reflector to direct light between the conduits.
3. A laser according to claim 1 , wherein the body defines a further cavity that retains an optical component configured to manipulate light within a resonator of the laser.
4. A laser according to claim 3 , wherein the cavity is shaped and sized to retain the optical component in optical alignment.
5. A laser according to claim 3 , wherein the single integral piece body comprises:
one or more cavities to retain one or more of the gain medium and reflector.
6. A laser according to claim 1 , comprising:
a Q switch, the Q switch being retained in a further cavity provided by the single integral piece body so that light travelling through the hollow waveguide provided in the body will be incident upon the hollow waveguide.
7. A laser according to claim 1 , wherein the conduit, or a further conduit defined by the body, is configured to guide a laser light output from the laser.
8. An optical circuit comprising:
a body having hollow conduits that provide waveguides configured for guiding light travelling about the optical circuit, wherein at least one or more of the hollow conduits, or further conduits, in the body are configured to provide the hollow waveguide for the laser of claim 1 .
9. An optical circuit according to claim 8 , wherein the body comprises:
a monolith in which a channel configured to provide the conduits is formed.
10. A method of manufacturing a laser comprising:
providing a first single integral piece body that defines at least part of each of:
two cavities; and
a conduit that extends between the cavities, the conduit, when the laser is in use, acting as a hollow waveguide for light between the cavities, wherein the hollow waveguide provides an optical path, with cross-sectional dimensions which preferentially select a beam with the lowest order mode, that extends substantially the entire distance between a gain medium and at least one resonator mirrors; and
locating a first optical component of the laser in one of the two cavities and a further optical component of the laser in a second of the two cavities.
11. A method according to claim 10 , comprising:
manufacturing the first single integral piece body by at least one of a machining process or an additive manufacture process.
12. A method according to claim 10 , comprising;
bringing together the first single integral piece with a second single integral piece, the first and second integral pieces cooperating to define a conduit that acts as a waveguide which, when the laser is in use, confines laser light about two orthogonal planes on each side of the optical axis.
13. A method according to claim 12 , wherein the second integral piece defines a side of at least one of the cavities.
14. A method according to claim 10 , wherein at least one of the cavities is positioned and shaped to support and retain at least one of the optical components in optical alignment.
15. A method according to claim 14 , wherein at least one of the optical components is retained directly against a wall of at least one of the cavities.
16. A method according to claim 11 , comprising:
locating a first mirror providing a first end of a resonator of the laser in one of the two cavities and locating a second mirror providing a second end of the resonator of the laser in a second of the two cavities.
17. A method of manufacturing an optical circuit comprising, in addition to the method of claim 10 :
locating a further optical component in a further cavity of the single integral piece which, when the circuit is in operation, manipulates light that has been outputted from the laser.