Glucose glycans for treating urea cycle disorders
Compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, nutritional compositions, medical foods, and food ingredients, as well as their methods of use, are provided, for treating diseases associated with hyperammonemia, e.g., urea cycle disorders (UCD) and hepatic encephalopathy (HE), e.g., minimal HE (MHE) and overt HE (OHE), and modulating enzyme activities and levels of microbes and taxa, and metabolites (e.g., ammonia) in the microbiome of a subject.
1. A method for treating a urea cycle disorder (UCD) in a subject, comprising:
administering a glycan preparation in an amount effective and for a time sufficient to treat the UCD, wherein:
i) the glycan preparation comprises glu100, glu50gal50, or man52glu29gal19;
ii) the average degree of branching (DB) of the glycan polymers in the glycan preparation is between 0.1 and 0.4;
iii) at least 50% of the glycan polymers in the glycan preparation have a degree of polymerization (DP) of at least 3 and less than 10 glycan units;
iv) the average DP (mean DP) of the glycan preparation is between about DP4 to about DP12;
v) the ratio of alpha- to beta-glycosidic bonds present in the glycan polymers of the glycan preparation is between about 1:1 to about 3:1;
vi) the glycan preparation comprises between 20 mol % and 60 mol % 1,6 glycosidic bonds;
vii) the glycan preparation comprises between 5 mol % and 25 mol % of at least one, two, or three of 1,2; 1,3; and 1,4 glycosidic bonds;
viii) the glycan preparation has a final solubility limit in water of at least about 70 Brix at 23° C.; or
ix) the glycan preparation has a dietary fiber content of at least 70%; or
x) any combination of two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or nine of i), ii), iii), iv), v), vi), vii), viii), and ix).
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the UCD is carbamyl phosphate synthetase I (CPSI) deficiency, ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency, argininosuccinate synthetase (AS) deficiency, argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) deficiency, argininosuccinic acid synthetase (ASD) deficiency, N-acetyl glutamate synthetase (NAGS) deficiency, arginase deficiency, ornithine translocase deficiency (HHH), or citrin (CIT II) deficiency.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
(a) the subject has neurological symptoms associated with UCD, including one or more of decreased level of consciousness, altered mental status, abnormal motor function, spasticity, and seizures;
(b) the subject has gastrointestinal symptoms associated with UCD, including one or more of vomiting, poor feeding, diarrhea, nausea, constipation, and protein aversion;
(c) the subject exhibits one or more of somnolence, inability to maintain normal body temperature, poor feeding, spasticity, vomiting, lethargy, and coma; and/or
(d) the subject exhibits one or more of chronic vomiting, developmental delay, a seizure disorder, sleep disorders, psychiatric illness, headache, anorexia, vomiting, lethargy, ataxia, behavioral disinhibition, confusion, slurred speech, disorientation, extreme agitation, delirium, slow ideation, language or elocution disorder, mydriasis, and behavioral abnormalities.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject's blood has an elevated level of ammonia relative to a subject without a UCD.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the level of ammonia in the subject's blood is greater than or equal to 90 μmol/L.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein: (a) the level of citrulline is elevated and/or the level of argininosuccinic acid is decreased or absent in the subject's blood; (b) the levels of citrulline and/or argininosuccinic acid are elevated in the subject's blood; (c) the levels of citrulline, arginine, and/or orotic acid are decreased or absent and/or the level of glutamine is elevated in the subject's blood; (d) the levels of citrulline and/or arginine are decreased or absent and/or the levels of orotic acid and/or glutamine are elevated in the subject's blood; (e) the levels of citrulline and/or arginine are decreased or absent and/or the level of glutamine is elevated in the subject's blood, relative to a subject that does not have a UCD; or (f) the levels of arginine are elevated in the subject's blood, relative to a subject that does not have a UCD.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the glycan preparation is administered daily, weekly, monthly, or N times a month, wherein N is greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 100.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the glycan preparation is formulated as a medical food, a dietary supplement, pharmaceutical composition, or a food ingredient.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject is a newborn, an infant up to one year of age, a young child, a teenager, or an adult.
10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising treating the subject with an additional therapy for treating a UCD.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the additional therapy is selected from one or more of: rehydration; hemodialysis; sodium phenylacetate; sodium benzoate; sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate; arginine; citrulline; carglumic acid; protein restriction for minimizing catabolismand stimulating anabolism; and liver transplantation.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the glycan preparation further comprises a polyphenol.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the glycan preparation further comprises a probiotic bacterium or preparation thereof.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the glycan preparation comprises between 20 mol % and 60 mol % 1,6 glycosidic bonds.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the glycan preparation comprises between 5 mol % and 25 mol % of each of 1,2; 1,3; and 1,4 glycosidic bonds.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein administering comprises self-administering.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein 30-80 g/day of the glycan preparation is administered.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein ammonia levels in the gut are reduced by at least 10% compared to a predetermined or reference level.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the glycan preparation comprises Glu100.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the glycan preparation comprises Glu50Gal50.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the glycan preparation comprises Man52Glu29Gal19.