COATING COMPOSITIONS FOR APPLICATION UTILIZING A HIGH TRANSFER EFFICIENCY APPLICATOR AND METHODS AND SYSTEMS THEREOF

1 . A coating composition for application to a substrate utilizing a high transfer efficiency applicator, wherein the coating composition has a solids content of from about 15 to about 70 weight % based on a total weight of the coating composition as measured in accordance with ASTM D2369 and comprises:

a carrier;

a binder present in an amount of from 15 to about 70 weight percent based on a total weight of the coating composition; and

a crosslinker present in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 25 weight percent based on a total weight of the coating composition; and

a radar reflective pigment or a LiDAR reflective pigment;

wherein the coating composition has an Ohnesorge number (Oh) of from about 0.01 to about 12.6;

wherein the coating composition has a Reynolds number (Re) of from about 0.02 to about 6,200;

wherein the coating composition has a Deborah number (De) of from greater than 0 to about 1730,

wherein the coating composition has a viscosity of from about 0.002 Pa*s to about 0.2 Pa*s as measured according to ASTM 7867-13 with cone-and-plate or parallel plates at a shear rate of 1000 sec−1;

wherein the coating composition has a density of from about 838 kg/m 3 to about 1557 kg/m 3 ;

wherein the coating composition has a surface tension of from about 0.015 N/m to about 0.05 N/m; and

wherein the coating composition has a relaxation time of from about 0.00001 to about 1 s.

2 . The coating composition of claim 1 , wherein the Ohnesorge number (Oh) is from 0.01 to 12.6 and is defined based upon the following equations V and VI, in view of the Reynolds number (Re),

Oh is no greater than 10{circumflex over ( )}(−0.5006*log(Re)+1.2135)  (V), and

Oh is at least 0{circumflex over ( )}(−0.5435*log(Re)−1.0324)  (VI),

wherein the Reynolds number (Re) is from 0.02 to 6,200.

3 . The coating composition of claim 1 , wherein the coating composition has an Ohnesorge number (Oh) of from about 0.05 to about 1.8, wherein the coating composition has a Reynolds number (Re) of from about 0.3 to about 660, and wherein the coating composition has a Deborah number (De) of from greater than 0 to about 46.

4 . The coating composition of claim 3 , wherein the Ohnesorge number (Oh) is from 0.05 to 1.8 and is defined based upon the following equations VII and VIII, in view of the Reynolds number (Re),

Oh is no greater than 10{circumflex over ( )}(−0.5067*log(Re)+0.706)  (VII), and

Oh is at least 10{circumflex over ( )}(−0.5724*log(Re)−0.4876)  (VIII),

wherein the Reynolds number (Re) is from 0.3 to 660.

5 . (canceled)

6 . The coating composition of claim 1 , wherein the coating composition comprises the LiDAR reflective pigment in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 5 based on a total weight of the coating composition.

7 . (canceled)

8 . (canceled)

9 . The coating composition of claim 1 , wherein the coating composition is substantially free of a dye.

10 . The coating composition of claim 1 , wherein the coating composition has a viscosity of from about 0.002 Pa*s to about 0.2 Pa*s as measured according to ASTM 7867-13 with cone-and-plate or parallel plates at a shear rate of 1000 sec−1, wherein the coating composition has a density of from about 838 kg/m 3 to about 1557 kg/m 3 , wherein the coating composition has a surface tension of from about 0.015 N/m to about 0.05 N/m, and wherein the coating composition has a relaxation time of from about 0.00001 to about 1 s.

11 . The coating composition of claim 1 further comprising a solvent selected from the group of water, a non-aqueous solvent, and a combination thereof.

12 . A coating layer formed from the coating composition of claim 1 .

13 . The coating layer of claim 12 having a solvent resistance of at least 5 double MEK rubs on a nonporous substrate in accordance with ASTM D4752.

14 . The coating layer of claim 12 having a film tensile modulus of at least 100 MPa in accordance with ASTM 5026-15.

15 . The coating layer of claim 12 formed from the coating composition wherein the coating layer has a crosslink density of at least 0.5 mmol/cm 3 in accordance with ASTM D5026-15.

16 . The coating layer of claim 12 having a gloss value of at least 75 at a 20 degree specular angle in accordance with ASTM 2813.

17 . The coating layer of claim 12 having a gloss retention of at least 70% of the initial gloss value after 2000 hours of weathering exposure in accordance with ASTM D7869.

18 . The coating layer of claim 12 having a thickness of at least 5 microns in accordance with ASTM D7091-13.

19 . The coating layer of claim 12 having a reflectance at a wavelength from 904 nm to 1.6 microns.

20 . (canceled)

21 . The coating composition of claim 1 , wherein the coating composition has a viscosity of from about 0.005 Pa*s to about 0.05 Pa*s as measured according to ASTM 7867-13 with cone-and-plate or parallel plates at a shear rate of 1000 sec- 1 , wherein the coating composition has a density of from about 958 kg/m 3 to about 1319 kg/m 3 , and wherein the coating composition has a surface tension of from about 0.02 N/m to about 0.032 N/m.

22 . (canceled)

23 . The coating composition of claim 2 , wherein the coating composition comprises the LiDAR reflective pigment in an amount of from about 0.1 wt. % to about 5 wt. % based on a total weight of the coating composition.

24 . (canceled)

25 . (canceled)

26 - 49 . (canceled)