Bipolar electrode comprising a loaded carbon felt
Bipolar electrodes comprising a carbon felt loaded with a polymer material and a nanocarbon material are described herein. The bipolar electrodes are useful in electrochemical cells. In particular, the loaded carbon felt can be used in bipolar electrodes of zinc-halide electrolyte batteries. Processes for manufacturing the loaded carbon felt are also described, involving contacting (e.g., dipping) a carbon felt in a mixture of solvent, polymer material and nanocarbon material.
1. A bipolar electrode comprising:
a plate of titanium having a cathode surface and an anode surface; and
a carbon felt loaded with a polymer material and a nanocarbon material, wherein the cathode surface opposes the anode surface, and the cathode surface at least partially contacts the carbon felt.
2. The bipolar electrode of claim 1 , wherein the polymer material is selected from poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), polyvinylidene fluoride, nafion, polytetrafluoroethylene, poly(acrylic acid), polypyrrole, polyacrylamide, poly(N,N-dimethyl)-3,4-pyrrolidinium bromide, or any combination thereof.
3. The bipolar electrode of claim 1 , wherein the polymer material is poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride).
4. The bipolar electrode of claim 1 , wherein the nanocarbon material comprises a powder, wherein the powder comprises graphite, carbon, or any combination thereof; and the powder has a mean particle diameter of less than about 100 microns.
5. The bipolar electrode of claim 1 , wherein the nanocarbon material comprises titanium carbide powder, graphene powder, carbon nanotubes, nanographite powder, or any combination thereof.
6. The bipolar electrode of claim 1 , wherein the nanocarbon material has a mean surface area of from about 50 to about 1000 m 2 /gram of nanocarbon material.
7. The bipolar electrode of claim 6 , wherein the nanocarbon material has a mean surface area of from about 200 to about 300 m 2 /gram of nanocarbon material.
8. The bipolar electrode of claim 1 , wherein the carbon felt is carbonized, graphitized, activated, or any combination thereof.
9. The bipolar electrode of claim 1 , wherein the carbon felt has a thickness of from about 2 mm to about 10 mm.
10. The bipolar electrode of claim 1 , wherein the carbon felt is loaded with a total concentration of the polymer material and the nanocarbon material of from about 0.001 to about 0.5 grams per gram of the carbon felt.
11. The bipolar electrode of claim 10 , wherein the carbon felt is loaded with a total concentration of the polymer material and the nanocarbon material of from about 0.01 to about 0.3 grams per gram of the carbon felt.
12. The bipolar electrode of claim 1 , wherein the polymer material is poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and the nanocarbon material comprises graphite powder having a mean surface area of from about 50 to about 1000 m 2 /gram of nanocarbon material.
13. A process for manufacturing a bipolar electrode, the process comprising:
mixing a polymer material, a nanocarbon material, and a solvent to form a mixture;
contacting a carbon felt with the mixture, wherein the carbon felt is loaded with the mixture to create a loaded carbon felt; and
contacting at least a portion of the loaded carbon felt with a cathodic side of a titanium plate to form the bipolar electrode.
14. The process of claim 13 , further comprising drying the loaded carbon felt.
15. The process of claim 13 , further comprising sonicating the mixture before and/or during contacting the carbon felt with the mixture.
16. The process of claim 13 , wherein a concentration of the polymer material in the mixture is from about 0.01 wt % to about 10 wt %, a concentration of the nanocarbon material in the mixture is from about 0.01 wt % to about 25 wt %, and a concentration of solvent in the mixture is from about 65 wt % to about 99.98 wt %.
17. The process of claim 13 , wherein the carbon felt is dipped in the mixture.
18. The process of claim 13 , further comprising treating the carbon felt, wherein the treating is selected from carbonizing, activating, graphitizing, or any combination thereof.
19. The process of claim 18 , wherein the carbonizing, activating, graphitizing, or any combination thereof occurs prior to contacting the carbon felt with the mixture.
20. An electrochemical cell comprising:
a bipolar electrode comprising a plate of titanium having a cathode surface and an anode surface and a carbon felt loaded with a polymer material and a nanocarbon material, wherein the cathode surface opposes the anode surface, and the cathode surface at least partially contacts the carbon felt; and
an aqueous zinc-halide electrolyte.
21. The electrochemical cell of claim 20 , wherein the polymer material is selected from poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), polyvinylidene fluoride, nafion, polytetrafluoroethylene, poly(acrylic acid), polypyrrole, polyacrylamide, poly(N,N-dimethyl)-3,4-pyrrolidinium bromide, or any combination thereof.
22. The electrochemical cell of claim 20 , wherein the polymer material is poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride).
23. The electrochemical cell of claim 20 , wherein the nanocarbon material comprises a powder, wherein the powder comprises graphite, carbon, or any combination thereof; and the powder has a mean particle diameter of less than about 100 microns.
24. The electrochemical cell of claim 20 , wherein the nanocarbon material comprises titanium carbide powder, graphene powder, carbon nanotubes, nanographite powder, or any combination thereof.
25. The electrochemical cell of claim 20 , wherein the nanocarbon material has a mean surface area of from about 50 to about 1000 m 2 /gram of nanocarbon material.
26. The electrochemical cell of claim 25 , wherein the nanocarbon material has a mean surface area of from about 200 to about 300 m 2 /gram of nanocarbon material.
27. The electrochemical cell of claim 20 , wherein the carbon felt is carbonized, graphitized, activated, or any combination thereof.
28. The electrochemical cell of claim 20 , wherein the carbon felt has a thickness of from about 2 mm to about 10 mm.
29. The electrochemical cell of claim 20 , wherein the carbon felt is loaded with a total concentration of the polymer material and the nanocarbon material of from about 0.001 to about 0.5 grams per gram of the carbon felt.
30. The electrochemical cell of claim 29 , wherein the carbon felt is loaded with a total concentration of the polymer material and the nanocarbon material of from about 0.01 to about 0.3 grams per gram of the carbon felt.
31. The electrochemical cell of claim 20 , wherein the polymer material is poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and the nanocarbon material comprises graphite powder having a mean surface area of from about 50 to about 1000 m 2 /gram of nanocarbon material.
32. The electrochemical cell of claim 20 , wherein the aqueous zinc-halide electrolyte comprises from about 25 wt % to about 70 wt % of ZnBr 2 ; from about 5 wt % to about 50 wt % of water; and from about 0.05 wt % to about 10 wt % of one or more quaternary ammonium agents.
33. The electrochemical cell of claim 32 , wherein the aqueous zinc-halide electrolyte comprises from about 25 wt % to about 40 wt % of ZnBr 2 ; from about 25 wt % to about 50 wt % water; from about 5 wt % to about 15 wt % of KBr; from about 5 wt % to about 15 wt % of KCl; and from about 0.5 wt % to about 10 wt % of the one or more quaternary ammonium agents.
34. The electrochemical cell of claim 32 , wherein the one or more quaternary ammonium agents comprises a quaternary agent selected from the group consisting of ammonium chloride, tetraethylammonium bromide, tetraethyl ammonium chloride, trimethylpropylammonium bromide, triethylmethylammonium chloride, trimethylpropylammonium chloride, butyltrimethylammonium chloride, trimethylethyl ammonium chloride, N-methyl-N-ethylmorpholinium bromide, N-methyl-N-ethylmorpholinium bromide (MEMBr), 1-ethyl-1-methylmorpholinium bromide, N-methyl-N-butylmorpholinium bromide, N-methyl-N-ethylpyrrolidinium bromide, N,N,N-triethyl-N-propylammonium bromide, N-ethyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium bromide, N-propyl-N-butylpyrrolidinium bromide, N-methyl-N-butylpyrrolidinium bromide, 1-methyl-1-butyl pyrrolidinium bromide, N-ethyl-N-(2-chloroethyl)pyrrolidinium bromide, N-methyl-N-hexylpyrrolidinium bromide, N-methyl-N-pentylpyrrolidinium bromide, N-ethyl-N-pentyl pyrrolidinium bromide, N-ethyl-N-butyl pyrrolidinium bromide, trimethylene-bis(N-methyl pyrrolidinium) dibromide, N-butyl-N-pentyl pyrrolidinium bromide, N-methyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium bromide, N-propyl-N-pentylpyrrolidinium bromide, 1-ethyl-4-methyl pyridinium bromide, 1-ethyl-2-methyl pyridinium bromide, 1-butyl-3-methylpyridinium bromide, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, cetyltrimethylammonium chloride, cetyltriethylammonium bromide, and any combination thereof.
35. The electrochemical cell of claim 32 , wherein the one or more quaternary ammonium agents comprises an alkyl substituted pyridinium chloride, an alkyl substituted pyridinium bromide, an alkyl substituted morpholinium chloride, an alkyl substituted morpholinium bromide, an alkyl substituted pyrrolidinium chloride, an alkyl substituted pyrrolidinium bromide, or any combination thereof.
36. A battery stack comprising:
a pair of terminal assemblies;
at least one bipolar electrode interposed between the pair of terminal assemblies wherein the bipolar electrode comprises:
a bipolar electrode plate comprising titanium;
a carbon felt, wherein the carbon felt is loaded with a polymer material and a nanocarbon material; and
an aqueous zinc-halide electrolyte in contact with the bipolar electrode plate and the carbon felt.
37. The battery stack of claim 36 , wherein the polymer material is selected from poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), polyvinylidene fluoride, nafion, polytetrafluoroethylene, poly(acrylic acid), polypyrrole, polyacrylamide, poly(N,N-dimethyl)-3,4-pyrrolidinium bromide, or any combination thereof.
38. The battery stack of claim 36 , wherein the polymer material is poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride).
39. The battery stack of claim 36 , wherein the nanocarbon material comprises a powder, wherein the powder comprises graphite, carbon, or any combination thereof; and the powder has a mean particle diameter of less than about 100 microns.
40. The battery stack of claim 36 , wherein the nanocarbon material comprises titanium carbide powder, graphene powder, carbon nanotubes, nanographite powder, or any combination thereof.
41. The battery stack of claim 36 , wherein the nanocarbon material has a mean surface area of from about 50 to about 1000 m 2 /gram of nanocarbon material.
42. The battery stack of claim 41 , wherein the nanocarbon material has a mean surface area of from about 200 to about 300 m 2 /gram of nanocarbon material.
43. The battery stack of claim 36 , wherein the carbon felt is carbonized, graphitized, activated, or any combination thereof.
44. The battery stack of claim 36 , wherein the carbon felt has a thickness of from about 2 mm to about 10 mm.
45. The battery stack of claim 36 , wherein the carbon felt is loaded with a total concentration of the polymer material and the nanocarbon material of from about 0.001 to about 0.5 grams per gram of the carbon felt.
46. The battery stack of claim 45 , wherein the carbon felt is loaded with a total concentration of the polymer material and the nanocarbon material of from about 0.01 to about 0.3 grams per gram of the carbon felt.
47. The battery stack of claim 36 , wherein the polymer material is poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and the nanocarbon material comprises graphite powder having a mean surface area of from about 50 to about 1000 m 2 /gram of nanocarbon material.
48. The battery stack of claim 36 , wherein the aqueous zinc-halide electrolyte comprises from about 25 wt % to about 70 wt % of ZnBr 2 ; from about 5 wt % to about 50 wt % of water; and from about 0.05 wt % to about 10 wt % of one or more quaternary ammonium agents.
49. The battery stack of claim 48 , wherein the aqueous zinc-halide electrolyte comprises from about 25 wt % to about 40 wt % of ZnBr 2 ; from about 25 wt % to about 50 wt % water; from about 5 wt % to about 15 wt % of KBr; from about 5 wt % to about 15 wt % of KCl; and from about 0.5 wt % to about 10 wt % of the one or more quaternary ammonium agents.
50. The battery stack of claim 48 , wherein the one or more quaternary ammonium agents comprises a quaternary agent selected from the group consisting of ammonium chloride, tetraethylammonium bromide, tetraethylammonium chloride, trimethylpropylammonium bromide, triethylmethylammonium chloride, trimethylpropylammonium chloride, butyltrimethylammonium chloride, trimethylethyl ammonium chloride, N-methyl-N-ethylmorpholinium bromide, N-methyl-N-ethylmorpholinium bromide (MEMBr), 1-ethyl-1-methylmorpholinium bromide, N-methyl-N-butylmorpholinium bromide, N-methyl-N-ethylpyrrolidinium bromide, N,N,N-triethyl-N-propylammonium bromide, N-ethyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium bromide, N-propyl-N-butylpyrrolidinium bromide, N-methyl-N-butylpyrrolidinium bromide, 1-methyl-1-butyl pyrrolidinium bromide, N-ethyl-N-(2-chloroethyl)pyrrolidinium bromide, N-methyl-N-hexylpyrrolidinium bromide, N-methyl-N-pentylpyrrolidinium bromide, N-ethyl-N-pentyl pyrrolidinium bromide, N-ethyl-N-butyl pyrrolidinium bromide, trimethylene-bis(N-methyl pyrrolidinium) dibromide, N-butyl-N-pentyl pyrrolidinium bromide, N-methyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium bromide, N-propyl-N-pentylpyrrolidinium bromide, 1-ethyl-4-methyl pyridinium bromide, 1-ethyl-2-methyl pyridinium bromide, 1-butyl-3-methylpyridinium bromide, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, cetyltrimethylammonium chloride, cetyltriethylammonium bromide, and any combination thereof.
51. The battery stack of claim 48 , wherein the one or more quaternary ammonium agents comprises an alkyl substituted pyridinium chloride, an alkyl substituted pyridinium bromide, an alkyl substituted morpholinium chloride, an alkyl substituted morpholinium bromide, an alkyl substituted pyrrolidinium chloride, an alkyl substituted pyrrolidinium bromide, or any combination thereof.