Extruded multilayer with electrodes
A liquid dispersion includes a matrix phase of polymerizable material and at least 10% by volume of solid conductive particles distributed throughout the matrix. The conductive particles may have an average particle size of less than approximately 100 nm, and the liquid dispersion may have a viscosity of less than approximately 100 Poise. Such a liquid dispersion may be printed or extruded and then cured to form a solid thin film. The content and distribution of conductive particles within the thin film may reach a percolation threshold such that the thin film may form a conductive layer. Polymer-based devices, such as nanovoided polymer (NVP)-based actuators may be formed by co-extrusion of a nanovoided polymer material between conductive polymer electrodes.
1. A mixture comprising at least 10 volume percent conductive particles dispersed within a network of a curable material, wherein:
the conductive particles comprise at least one material selected from the group consisting of graphite, graphene, graphene oxide, gold nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, palladium nanoparticles, platinum nanoparticles, transparent conductive oxides, carbon black, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), and polystyrene sulfonate;
a concentration of conductive particles either increases or decreases throughout at least a portion of the curable material;
the mixture has a viscosity of less than approximately 100 Poise; and
the conductive particles have an average particle size of less than approximately 100 nm.
2. The mixture of claim 1 , wherein the conductive particles comprise a modified surface.
3. The mixture of claim 1 , wherein the curable material comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of acrylates, silicones, silicone acrylates, thiols, thiol acrylates, silanes, vinyls, isocyanates, epoxies, and urethanes.
4. The mixture of claim 1 , further comprising a polymerizable surfactant.
5. The mixture of claim 1 , further comprising a non-polymerizable surfactant.
6. The mixture of claim 1 , further comprising a surfactant selected from the group consisting of an epoxy monomer, an epoxy acrylate, a polyimide, a mono(meth)acrylate, a di(meth)acrylate, an ethylene oxide-modified diol, and an ethylene oxide-modified acrylate.
7. The mixture of claim 1 , wherein the mixture is free of a liquid solvent.
8. The mixture of claim 1 , wherein the mixture further comprises embedded conductive regions each either increasing or decreasing in the conductive particles of the curable material.