Nanowire bonding interconnect for fine-pitch microelectronics
A nanowire bonding interconnect for fine-pitch microelectronics is provided. Vertical nanowires created on conductive pads provide a debris-tolerant bonding layer for making direct metal bonds between opposing pads or vias. Nanowires may be grown from a nanoporous medium with a height between 200-1000 nanometers and a height-to-diameter aspect ratio that enables the nanowires to partially collapse against the opposing conductive pads, creating contact pressure for nanowires to direct-bond to opposing pads. Nanowires may have diameters less than 200 nanometers and spacing less than 1 μm from each other to enable contact or direct-bonding between pads and vias with diameters under 5 μm at very fine pitch. The nanowire bonding interconnects may be used with or without tinning, solders, or adhesives. A nanowire forming technique creates a nanoporous layer on conductive pads, creates nanowires within pores of the nanoporous layer, and removes at least part of the nanoporous layer to reveal a layer of nanowires less than 1 μm in height for direct bonding.
1. A bonding interconnect for a microelectronic die or wafer, comprising:
one or more conductive pads, each conductive pad comprising a length or a diameter less than approximately 5 μm;
multiple nanowires conductively connected to each conductive pad and vertically disposed on each conductive pad for conductively bonding with an opposing conductive pad; and
a freestanding end of each nanowire comprising a height-to-diameter aspect ratio enabling the nanowire to partially collapse against the opposing conductive pad providing a compression or a contact pressure of the nanowire for bonding to the opposing conductive pad.
2. The bonding interconnect of claim 1 , wherein at least some of the multiple nanowires conductively bond with the opposing conductive pad via a direct metallic bond between the nanowire and a metal of the opposing conductive pad.
3. The bonding interconnect of claim 1 , wherein each nanowire has a diameter less than approximately 200 nanometers.
4. The bonding interconnect of claim 3 , wherein the freestanding ends of the nanowires have a height-to-diameter aspect ratio between approximately 1.0 and 1.5.
5. The bonding interconnect of claim 3 , wherein the nanowires have a height between approximately 200 nanometers and approximately 1000 nanometers (1 μm).
6. The bonding interconnect of claim 3 , wherein each conductive pad has at least 2-3 vertically disposed nanowires and the vertically disposed nanowires are disposed horizontally from each other at a pitch averaging approximately 1 μm or less.
7. The bonding interconnect of claim 1 , wherein the multiple nanowires comprise copper, nickel, tungsten, silver, aluminum, or an alloy.
8. The bonding interconnect of claim 1 , further comprising a flowable joining material or a solder between the multiple nanowires, on top of the multiple nanowires, or on the opposing conductive pad to conductively secure the multiple nanowires to the opposing conductive pad.
9. The bonding interconnect of claim 8 , further comprising a film of nickel between the multiple nanowires or on top of the multiple nanowires, the film of nickel metal to become an intermetallic solder-nickel interface of the bonding interconnect with the direct metallic-bonded nanowires.
10. The bonding interconnect of claim 1 , further comprising an adhesive between the multiple nanowires or on the opposing conductive pad;
wherein the adhesive permanently joins a first microelectronic die or wafer comprising the one or more conductive pads and the associated multiple nanowires to a second microelectronic die or wafer comprising the opposing conductive pad, wherein the multiple nanowires of the first microelectronic die or wafer are coupled with a direct metallic-bond or by conductive metal contact to the opposing conductive pad of the second microelectronic die or wafer.
11. The bonding interconnect of claim 10 , wherein the adhesive comprises a layer having a vertical height less than a vertical height of the freestanding ends of the multiple nanowires.
12. The bonding interconnect of claim 1 , further comprising an adhesive to join the microelectronic die or wafer comprising the one or more conductive pads and the multiple nanowires to a second microelectronic die or wafer comprising the opposing conductive pad; and
wherein the adhesive is disposed only between areas of the microelectronic die or wafer and the second microelectronic die or wafer where no nanowires are disposed or where no conductive connections are made.
13. The bonding interconnect of claim 1 , wherein the multiple nanowires are disposed over an entire surface of the microelectronic die or wafer; and
wherein only the multiple nanowires on the one or more conductive pads make conductive direct metallic bonds with respective opposing conductive pads.
14. The bonding interconnect of claim 13 , further comprising extra metal plates on a same surface of the microelectronic die or wafer as the one or more conductive pads; and
wherein the extra metal plates provide extra bonding sites for the nanowires disposed over an entire surface of the microelectronic die or wafer and opposing extra metal plates on a second microelectronic die or wafer being bonded to.
15. The bonding interconnect of claim 14 , wherein the extra metal plates of the microelectronic die or wafer and the opposing extra metal plates of the second microelectronic die or wafer are not connected to a circuit.