Optical structures providing dichroic effects
A document, product, or package, such as a banknote, passport or the like comprises structures having dichroic effects that change color with viewing angle in both transmission and reflection. Such structures can be useful as security features that counter the ability to effectively use counterfeit documents, products, packages, etc.
1. A document having security features, the document comprising:
a main body; and
an optical structure disposed on the main body, the optical structure comprising:
a first metal layer having a first refractive index (n+ik) comprising a real part (n) and an imaginary part (k), wherein a ratio of the real part (n) of the first refractive index to the imaginary part (k) of the first refractive index is greater than or equal to 0.01 and less than or equal to 0.2;
a first dielectric layer disposed on a first side of the first metal layer;
a second dielectric layer disposed on a second side of the first metal layer;
a second metal layer disposed on a side of the first dielectric layer opposite a side facing the first metal layer, the second metal layer having a second refractive index (n+ik) comprising a real part (n) and an imaginary part (k), wherein a ratio of the real part (n) of the second refractive index to the imaginary part (k) of the second refractive index is greater than or equal to 0.01 and less than or equal to 0.2; and
a third metal layer disposed on a side of the second dielectric layer opposite a side facing the first metal layer, the third metal layer having a third refractive index (n+ik) comprising a real part (n) and an imaginary part (k), wherein a ratio of the real part (n) of the third refractive index to the imaginary part (k) of the third refractive index is greater than or equal to 0.01 and less than or equal to 0.2,
wherein the optical structure is configured to produce a first color in transmission mode and a second color different from the first color in reflection mode.
2. The document of claim 1 , wherein the optical structure is suspended in a medium.
3. The document of claim 2 , wherein the medium comprises acrylic melamine, urethane, polyester, vinyl resin, acrylate, methacrylate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) resin, epoxy, styrene, a formulation based on alkyd resin, or a combination or mixture thereof.
4. The document of claim 1 , wherein the optical structure has a thickness, and wherein a length or a width of the optical structure is between 5-10 times the thickness of the optical structure.
5. The document of claim 1 , wherein the first metal layer comprises at least one of silver, silver alloy, gold, or gold alloy.
6. The document of claim 1 , wherein the second metal layer comprises at least one of silver, silver alloy, gold, or gold alloy.
7. The document of claim 1 , wherein the third metal layer comprises at least one of silver, silver alloy, gold, or gold alloy.
8. The document of claim 1 , wherein the first or second dielectric layer comprises at least one of magnesium fluoride, silicon dioxide, ceric oxide, zinc sulfide, zirconium dioxide, titanium dioxide, tantalum pentoxide, yttrium oxide, indium oxide, tin oxide, indium tin oxide, aluminum oxide or tungsten trioxide.
9. The document of claim 1 , further comprising:
a third dielectric layer disposed on a side of the second metal layer opposite a side facing the first dielectric layer; and
a fourth dielectric layer disposed on a side of the third metal layer opposite a side facing the second dielectric layer.
10. The document of claim 9 , wherein the third and/or the fourth dielectric layers have a thickness from 2 nm to 20 nm.
11. The document of claim 9 , wherein the optical structure is suspended in a medium having a refractive index, and wherein the third and/or fourth dielectric layers have a refractive index that substantially matches the refractive index of the medium.
12. The document of claim 9 , wherein the third and/or fourth dielectric layers comprise silicon dioxide.
13. The document of claim 1 , wherein the optical structure is configured as a film or foil.
14. The document of claim 1 , wherein the optical structure is configured as a thread, laminate, hot stamp, window patch, or label.
15. The document of claim 1 , wherein a thickness of the first, second, or third metal layer is between 5 nm and 100 nm.
16. The document of claim 1 , wherein a thickness of the first or second dielectric layer is between 40 nm and 850 nm.
17. The document of claim 1 , wherein the second color is a complementary color of the first color.
18. The document of claim 1 , wherein the second color is a non-complementary color of the first color.
19. The document of claim 1 , wherein the first color or the second color changes with a change in a viewing angle.
20. The document of claim 1 , wherein the first color or the second color does not change with a change in a viewing angle.
21. The document of claim 1 , wherein the document is a banknote.
22. The document of claim 1 , wherein the optical structure is configured as a pigment, paint, or ink.