Multivalent metal ion battery having a cathode of recompressed graphite worms and manufacturing method
Provided is a multivalent metal-ion battery comprising an anode, a cathode, a porous separator electronically separating the anode and the cathode, and an electrolyte in ionic contact with the anode and the cathode to support reversible deposition and dissolution of a multivalent metal, selected from Ni, Zn, Be, Mg, Ca, Ba, La, Ti, Ta, Zr, Nb, Mn, V, Co, Fe, Cd, Cr, Ga, In, or a combination thereof, at the anode, wherein the anode contains the multivalent metal or its alloy as an anode active material and the cathode comprises a cathode layer of an exfoliated graphite or carbon material recompressed to form an active layer that is oriented in such a manner that the active layer has a graphite edge plane in direct contact with the electrolyte and facing or contacting the separator.
1. A method of manufacturing a multivalent metal-ion battery, comprising:
(a) providing an anode containing a multivalent metal or its alloy, wherein said multivalent metal is selected from Ni, Zn, Be, Mg, Ca, Ba, La, Ti, Ta, Zr, Mn, V, Co, Fe, Cd, Cr, Ga, In, or a combination thereof;
(b) providing a cathode containing a layer of recompressed exfoliated carbon or recompressed exfoliated graphite material; and
(c) providing a porous separator electronically separating said anode and said cathode and an electrolyte selected from an aqueous electrolyte, organic electrolyte, polymer electrolyte, molten salt electrolyte, ionic liquid electrolyte, or a combination thereof capable of supporting reversible deposition and dissolution of said multivalent metal at the anode and reversible adsorption/desorption and/or intercalation/de-intercalation of ions at the cathode;
wherein said layer of recompressed exfoliated carbon or recompressed exfoliated graphite material is oriented in such a manner that said layer has a graphite edge plane in direct contact with said electrolyte and facing or contacting a plane of said separator.
2. The method of claim 1 , further including providing a porous network of electrically conductive nano-filaments to support said multivalent metal or its alloy.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein providing a cathode contains subjecting a carbon or graphite material to an expansion treatment selected from an oxidation, fluorination, bromination, chlorination, nitrogenation, intercalation, combined oxidation-intercalation, combined fluorination-intercalation, combined bromination-intercalation, combined chlorination-intercalation, or combined nitrogenation-intercalation, followed by thermal exfoliation at a temperature from 100° C. to 2,500° C.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said procedure of providing the cathode includes recompressing exfoliated graphite or carbon using a wet compression or dry compression to align constituent graphite flakes of said exfoliated graphite or carbon.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said procedure of providing the cathode includes recompressing exfoliated graphite or carbon using a wet compression to align constituent graphite flakes of said exfoliated graphite or carbon, wherein said wet compression includes compressing or pressing a suspension of exfoliated graphite or carbon dispersed in a liquid electrolyte for an aluminum cell.