Methods and apparatus for forming apertures in a solid state membrane using dielectric breakdown

1. A method of forming a plurality of apertures in a solid state membrane using dielectric breakdown, wherein the membrane comprises a first surface area portion on one side of the membrane and a second surface area portion on the other side of the membrane, and each of a plurality of target regions comprises a recess or fluidic passage in the membrane that opens out into the first or second surface area portion, the method comprising:

contacting all of the first surface area portion of the membrane with a first bath comprising ionic solution and all of the second surface area portion with a second bath comprising ionic solution; and

applying a voltage across the membrane via first and second electrodes in respective contact with the first and second baths comprising ionic solutions to form an aperture at each of a plurality of the target regions in the membrane;

wherein:

the membrane comprises a first layer and a second layer; and

the formation of an aperture at each of the plurality of target regions occurs by dielectric breakdown through at least a portion of the second layer, wherein the second layer is formed by atomic layer deposition;

wherein the second layer comprises a plurality of sub-layers, each sub-layer formed by atomic layer deposition, wherein the plurality of sublayers comprises a sequence of sub-layers that repeats a plurality of times, each repeating sequence comprising at least a first sub-layer and a second sub-layer directly adjacent to the first sub-layer;

wherein the first sub-layers are non-epitaxial with respect to the second sub-layers;

wherein the first sub-layers comprise HfO 2 and the second sub-layers comprise Al 2 O 3 .