Detection of human leukocyte antigen loss of heterozygosity

1. A computer-implemented method of detecting loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of a human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene in a subject, the method comprising:

receiving next generation sequencing data generated from a biological sample of the subject;

aligning the next generation sequencing data against a reference genome to determine a mapped reads dataset and an unmapped reads dataset;

providing at least the unmapped reads dataset to an HLA typing process to identify at least one candidate HLA allele for the HLA gene;

identifying a HLA sequence associated with each identified candidate HLA allele;

creating a HLA reference genome using each identified HLA sequence;

aligning the next generation sequencing data against the HLA reference genome and adjusting the HLA reference genome to account for a variant identified during the aligning;

aligning the next generation sequencing data against the adjusted HLA reference genome to determine at least one read depth coverage measures, wherein the at least one read depth coverage measures is associated with a segment of the adjusted HLA reference genome associated with one of the identified candidate HLA alleles;

providing the at least one read depth coverage measures to a LOH modeling process;

determining, using the LOH modeling process, a LOH status for the HLA gene; and

generating and storing a report of the LOH status for the HLA gene.

2. A computer-implemented method of creating a HLA reference genome specific to a subject, the method comprising:

receiving normal next generation sequencing data generated from a buffy coat preparation of a blood sample of the subject;

aligning the next generation sequencing data against a reference genome to determine a normal mapped reads dataset and a normal unmapped reads dataset;

receiving tumor next generation sequencing data generated from a tumor specimen of the subject;

providing at least a portion of the normal unmapped reads dataset to an HLA typing process to identify at least one candidate HLA allele for the HLA gene;

identifying a HLA sequence associated with each identified candidate HLA allele; and

creating a HLA reference genome using each identified HLA sequence.

3. A computer-implemented method of detecting loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of a human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene in a subject, the method comprising:

receiving normal next generation sequencing data generated from a buffy coat preparation of a blood sample of the subject;

aligning the next generation sequencing data against a reference genome to determine a normal mapped reads dataset and a normal unmapped reads dataset;

receiving tumor next generation sequencing data generated from a tumor specimen of the subject;

providing at least a portion of the normal unmapped reads dataset to an HLA typing process to identify at least one candidate HLA allele for the HLA gene;

identifying a HLA sequence associated with each identified candidate HLA allele;

creating a HLA reference genome using each identified HLA sequence;

aligning the normal next generation sequencing dataset against the HLA reference genome and adjusting the HLA reference genome to account for a variant identified during the aligning;

aligning the normal next generation sequencing dataset against the adjusted HLA reference genome to determine at least one normal read depth coverage measures, wherein the at least one normal read depth coverage measures is associated with a segment of the adjusted HLA reference genome associated with one of the identified candidate HLA alleles;

aligning the tumor next generation sequencing dataset against the adjusted HLA reference genome to determine at least one tumor read depth coverage measures, wherein the at least one tumor read depth coverage measures is associated with a segment of the adjusted HLA reference genome associated with one of the identified candidate HLA alleles;

providing the at least one normal read depth coverage measures and the at least one tumor read depth coverage measures to a LOH modeling process;

determining, using the LOH modeling process, a LOH status for the HLA gene; and

generating and storing a report of the LOH status for the HLA gene.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein determining the LOH status for the HLA gene comprises applying a shallow decision tree model to the received read depth coverage measures.

5. The method of claim 3 , wherein determining the LOH status for each HLA gene comprises applying a random forest model to the received read depth coverage measures.

6. The method of claim 3 , wherein the next generation sequencing data is generated using short read sequencing.

7. The method of claim 3 , wherein the HLA gene is the HLA-A gene.

8. A method for determining loss of heterozygosity for the HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C genes using, for each gene, the method of claim 3 .

9. A method for determining loss of heterozygosity for the HLA-E, HLA-F, and HLA-G genes using, for each gene, the method of claim 3 .

10. A method for determining loss of heterozygosity for the DRA, DRB1, DQA1, DQB1, DPA1, and DPB1 genes using, for each gene, the method of claim 3 .

11. The method of claim 3 , wherein at least a portion of the reads data comprises forward reads from paired-end reads.

12. The method of claim 3 , wherein determining the LOH status for the HLA gene comprises determining the LOH status is a loss of heterozygosity when a read depth coverage measure is below a threshold.

13. The method of claim 3 , wherein determining the LOH status for the HLA gene comprises determining the LOH status is a stable status when a read depth coverage measure is above a threshold.

14. The method of claim 3 , wherein the HLA typing process applies an Optitype HLA typing algorithm.

15. The method of claim 3 , wherein the HLA typing process applies a Kourami HLA typing algorithm.

16. The method of claim 3 , wherein the HLA reference genome further comprises at least one HLA pseudogene sequence.

17. The method of claim 3 , wherein the step of providing at least a portion of the normal unmapped reads dataset to the HLA typing process to identify at least one candidate HLA allele for the HLA gene comprises providing at least a portion of the normal unmapped reads dataset and a portion of the normal mapped reads dataset to the HLA typing process.

18. The method of claim 3 , wherein the step of aligning the tumor next generation sequencing dataset against the adjusted HLA reference genome to determine at least one tumor read depth coverage measures comprises filtering the tumor next generation sequencing dataset.

19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the step of filtering the tumor next generation sequencing dataset comprises removing reads that are not properly aligned.

20. The method of claim 18 , wherein the step of filtering the tumor next generation sequencing dataset comprises removing duplicate reads.

21. The method of claim 18 , wherein the step of filtering the tumor next generation sequencing dataset comprises removing a read based on an edit distance associated with the read.

22. The method of claim 3 , wherein the tumor specimen is a solid tumor specimen.

23. The method of claim 3 , wherein the tumor specimen is a cell free DNA (cfDNA) specimen.

24. The method of claim 3 , wherein the tumor specimen is a lung tumor specimen.

25. The method of claim 3 , wherein the tumor specimen is a metastatic specimen.

26. The method of claim 3 , wherein the tumor specimen is a colorectal specimen.

27. The method of claim 3 , wherein the method is implemented on one or more microservices.

28. The method of claim 3 , wherein the method further comprises:

when it is determined that the cancer in the subject does not have a loss of heterozygosity in the HLA gene, treating the cancer by administering a checkpoint inhibitor therapy to the subject.

29. The method of claim 28 , wherein the checkpoint inhibitor therapy is selected from the group consisting of an anti-CTLA-4 therapy, an anti-PD-1 therapy, or an anti-PD-L1 therapy.

30. The method of claim 1 , wherein the biological sample is selected from the group consisting of a tumor specimen or a buffy coat preparation.