Haptic vibrotactile actuators on textiles and related systems and methods
The disclosed haptic vibrotactile actuator may include a textile comprising a first major surface and a second, opposite major surface, an electrode coupled to the first major surface of the textile across at least a majority of a surface area of a first surface of the electrode, and a flexible electroactive material electrically coupled to a second, opposite surface of the electrode. Various other related methods and systems are also disclosed.
1. A haptic vibrotactile actuator, comprising:
a textile comprising a first major surface and a second, opposite major surface;
an electrode coupled to the first major surface of the textile across at least a majority of a surface area of a first surface of the electrode;
a flexible support material positioned between the electrode and the first major surface of the textile; and
a flexible electroactive material electrically coupled to and abutting a second, opposite surface of the electrode.
2. The haptic vibrotactile actuator of claim 1 , wherein the electrode is a first electrode, further comprising a second electrode electrically coupled to a surface of the flexible electroactive material opposite the first electrode.
3. The haptic vibrotactile actuator of claim 2 , wherein the flexible electroactive material is a first flexible electroactive material, further comprising:
a second flexible electroactive material electrically coupled to the second electrode on a side of the second electrode opposite from the first flexible electroactive material; and
a third electrode electrically coupled to the second flexible electroactive material on a side opposite from the second electrode.
4. The haptic vibrotactile actuator of claim 2 , wherein the flexible electroactive material is a first flexible electroactive material, further comprising:
a third electrode coupled to the second, opposite major surface of the textile across at least a majority of a surface area of a first surface of the third electrode;
a second flexible electroactive material electrically coupled to a second, opposite surface of the third electrode; and
a fourth electrode electrically coupled to a surface of the second flexible electroactive material opposite the third electrode.
5. The haptic vibrotactile actuator of claim 1 , further comprising a conductor coupled to the first major surface of the textile, wherein the conductor electrically couples the electrode to a haptic controller.
6. The haptic vibrotactile actuator of claim 1 , wherein the flexible electroactive material is coupled to the first major surface of the textile via the electrode across substantially an entirety of a surface area of the flexible electroactive material.
7. The haptic vibrotactile actuator of claim 1 , wherein the electrode is coupled to the first major surface of the textile by at least one of:
a stenciling process;
a three-dimensional printing process;
a silk-screening process;
a lamination process;
an adhesion process;
a printing process; or
a chemical deposition process.
8. The haptic vibrotactile actuator of claim 1 , wherein the electrode and the flexible electroactive material are coupled to each other by at least one of:
a stenciling process;
a three-dimensional printing process;
a silk-screening process;
a lamination process;
an adhesion process;
a printing process; or
a chemical deposition process.
9. The haptic vibrotactile actuator of claim 1 , wherein the flexible electroactive material comprises at least one of:
an electroactive polymer material;
a dielectric elastomer material;
a relaxor ferroelectric material;
a piezoelectric ceramic material;
a piezoelectric polycrystalline material; or
a piezoelectric single-crystal material.
10. The haptic vibrotactile actuator of claim 1 , wherein the textile comprises at least one of:
a woven fabric;
a non-woven fabric;
leather;
a cloth;
a flexible polymer material; or
a composite material.
11. A system, comprising:
a textile comprising a first major surface and a second, opposite major surface;
a first electrode comprising a first surface coupled to the first major surface of the textile;
a flexible support material positioned between the first electrode and the first major surface of the textile;
a flexible electroactive material electrically coupled to and abutting a second, opposite surface of the first electrode, wherein the flexible electroactive material is configured to vibrate upon application of a voltage thereto;
a second electrode electrically coupled to and abutting a surface of the flexible electroactive material opposite the first electrode; and
a wearable article comprising the textile and supporting the flexible electroactive material in a position to induce haptic vibrational feedback to a user donning the wearable article.
12. The system of claim 11 , wherein the flexible electroactive material is a first flexible electroactive material, further comprising:
a second flexible electroactive material electrically coupled to the second electrode on a side of the second electrode opposite from the first flexible electroactive material; and
a third electrode electrically coupled to the second flexible electroactive material on a side opposite from the second electrode.
13. The system of claim 11 , wherein the flexible electroactive material is a first flexible electroactive material, further comprising:
a third electrode coupled to the second, opposite major surface of the textile;
a second flexible electroactive material electrically coupled to a second, opposite surface of the third electrode; and
a fourth electrode electrically coupled to a surface of the second flexible electroactive material opposite the third electrode.
14. The system of claim 11 , wherein the first electrode and the flexible electroactive material are coupled to each other by at least one of:
a stenciling process;
a three-dimensional printing process;
a silk-screening process;
a lamination process;
an adhesion process;
a printing process; or
a chemical deposition process.
15. The system of claim 11 , wherein the wearable article comprises at least one of:
a glove;
a headband;
a sleeve;
a bracelet;
a wristband;
a watch band;
a sock;
a shoe;
a neck band;
a shirt;
eyewear;
a vest;
a belt; or
a hat.
16. The system of claim 11 , further comprising:
a haptic controller communicatively coupled to a head-mounted display, wherein the haptic controller is configured to apply the voltage to the flexible electroactive material in connection with content presented on the head-mounted display.
17. The system of claim 16 , further comprising at least one conductor coupled to the first major surface of the textile, wherein the at least one conductor electrically couples the first electrode and the second electrode to the haptic controller.
18. A method comprising:
coupling a first surface of a first electrode to a major surface of a textile;
electrically coupling and abutting a flexible electroactive material to a second, opposite surface of the first electrode;
disposing a flexible support material between the first electrode and the major surface of the textile; and
electrically coupling and abutting a second electrode to a surface of the flexible electroactive material opposite the first electrode.