Corrosion-resistant glass melt electrodes and methods of using them
In various embodiments, refractory-metal glass melt electrodes are single-crystalline, at least within an outer layer thereof.
1. A glass melt electrode comprising:
a base sized and shaped for engagement with an interior surface of a glass-melting furnace; and
an elongated shaft extending from the base,
wherein at least an outer surface layer of the shaft is single-crystalline and comprises one or more refractory metals.
2. The glass melt electrode of claim 1 , wherein the one or more refractory metals comprise at least one of Mo or W.
3. The glass melt electrode of claim 1 , wherein the one or more refractory metals comprise at least one of Nb, Ta, or Re.
4. The glass melt electrode of claim 1 , wherein the one or more refractory metals comprise at least one of Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Hf, Ru, Rh, Os, or Ir.
5. The glass melt electrode of claim 1 , wherein substantially all of the shaft is single-crystalline.
6. The glass melt electrode of claim 1 , wherein the outer surface layer of the shaft is disposed around a polycrystalline core.
7. The glass melt electrode of claim 6 , wherein the core comprises the one or more refractory metals.
8. The glass melt electrode of claim 1 , further comprising a corrosion-resistant coating disposed on at least a portion of the shaft.
9. The glass melt electrode of claim 8 , wherein a thickness of the corrosion-resistant coating is between approximately 100 μm and approximately 500 μm.
10. The glass melt electrode of claim 1 , wherein the shaft defines a hollow cooling channel therewithin.
11. The glass melt electrode of claim 1 , wherein (i) the shaft extends from the base to a terminal end, and (ii) a diameter of the shaft, from the base to the terminal end, is substantially constant.
12. The glass melt electrode of claim 1 , wherein the shaft extends from the base to a flat terminal end.
13. A method of processing glass, the method comprising:
providing a glass-melting furnace, wherein one or more glass melt electrodes protrude from an inner wall of the glass-melting furnace into an inner volume of the glass-melting furnace;
disposing glass material within the inner volume of a glass-melting furnace; and
melting the glass material at least in part by applying electrical current to the one or more glass melt electrodes, each glass melt electrode being at least partially immersed in the melted glass material,
wherein at least an outer surface layer of each of the glass melt electrodes is single-crystalline and comprises one or more refractory metals, the one or more glass melt electrodes resisting corrosion during the melting of the glass material.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the one or more refractory metals comprise at least one of Mo or W.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the one or more refractory metals comprise at least one of Nb, Ta, or Re.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein the one or more refractory metals comprise at least one of Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Hf, Ru, Rh, Os, or Ir.
17. The method of claim 13 , wherein substantially an entire volume of at least one glass melt electrode is single-crystalline.
18. The method of claim 13 , wherein the outer surface layer of at least one glass melt electrode is disposed around a polycrystalline core.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the core comprises the one or more refractory metals.
20. The method of claim 13 , wherein at least one glass melt electrode defines a hollow cooling channel therewithin.