Serially deposited biomolecules
Disclosed herein is a multiplex microarray having serially attached non-functionalized biomolecules attached to a polymer coating covering each electrode of an array of electrodes for assays and a method of making the multiplex microarray. The method comprises serially blocking the electrodes of the microarray with a blocking protein, electropolymerizing pyrrole or a functionalized pyrrole on the electrodes where the biomolecule is not present during polymerization, exposing the microarray to a biomolecular solution containing a non-functionalized biomolecule for attachment to the polymer coating, and then repeating the steps to form the multiplex microarray.
1. A device comprising:
(A) a microarray with a plurality of electronically addressable electrodes comprising at least a first microelectrode and a second microelectrode;
(B) a plurality of first oligonucleotides, where each of the plurality of first oligonucleotides comprise a 3′ end, a 5′ end, a location, a first portion and a second portion, where the first portion extends from the 5′ end to the location, where the first portion comprises a T-linker, where the T-linker has an aminated 5′ end, where the second portion extends from the location to the 3′ end, where the first microelectrode comprises:
a first layer consisting of a polymer formed from a monomer, where the polymer is attached to the microarray, where the first layer is formed by electropolymerizing the monomer on one or more microelectrodes of the microarray using an electropolymerizing solution with one or more electropolymerizing parameters to form a first thickness of the polymer; and
two or more of the plurality of first oligonucleotides, where the T-linker of the two or more of the plurality of first oligonucleotides is immobilized on the first layer through the aminated 5′ end, where the second microelectrode comprises:
a second layer consisting of the polymer formed from the monomer, where the polymer is attached to the microarray, where the second layer is a second thickness of the polymer, where the first thickness of the polymer differs from the second thickness of the polymer based on one or more electropolymerizing parameters selected from the group consisting of potential, current and time; and
two or more of the plurality of first oligonucleotides, where the T-linker of the two or more of the plurality of first oligonucleotides is immobilized on the second layer through the aminated 5′ end.
2. The device of claim 1 , where the second portion comprises Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) when the first portion comprises DNA and where the second portion comprises Ribonucleic acid (RNA) when the first portion comprises RNA.
3. The device of claim 1 , where the monomer is selected from the group consisting of pyrrole, functionalized pyrrole and combinations thereof.
4. The device of claim 1 , where the monomer is selected from the group consisting of thiophenol, aniline, phenylene sulfide, phenylenediamine, diaminohaphthalene, phenol, phenolic derivative and combinations thereof.
5. The device of claim 1 , where the microarray is a CMOS device.
6. The device of claim 1 , where the plurality of electronically addressable electrodes comprises a plurality of electronically addressable platinum electrodes.
7. The device of claim 1 , where the monomer is electropolymerized to a conducting polymer.
8. The device of claim 1 , where the monomer is electropolymerized to a non-conducting polymer.
9. The device of claim 1 , where the first thickness of the polymer is less than the second thickness of the polymer.
10. The device of claim 9 , further comprising a second oligonucleotide that hybridizes to the second portion, where the second oligonucleotide is detected with fluorescence detection when the first portion is attached to the second layer of the polymer.
11. The device of claim 9 , further comprising a second oligonucleotide that hybridizes to the second portion, where the second oligonucleotide is detected with electrochemical detection when the first portion is attached to the first layer of the polymer.
12. A device comprising:
(A) a microarray with a plurality of electronically addressable electrodes comprising at least a first microelectrode and a second microelectrode;
(B) a plurality of first oligonucleotides, where each of the plurality of first oligonucleotides comprise a 3′ end, a 5′ end, a location, a first portion and a second portion, where the first portion extends from the 5′ end to the location, where the first portion comprises a T-linker, where the T-linker has an aminated 5′ end, where the second portion extends from the location to the 3′ end, where the first microelectrode comprises:
a first layer consisting of a polymer formed from a monomer, where the polymer is attached to the microarray, where the first layer is formed by electropolymerizing the monomer on one or more microelectrodes of the microarray using an electropolymerizing solution with one or more electropolymerizing parameters to form a first thickness of the polymer; and
two or more of the plurality of first oligonucleotides, where the T-linker of the two or more of the plurality of first oligonucleotides is immobilized on the first layer through the aminated 5′ end, where the second microelectrode comprises:
a second layer consisting of the polymer formed from the monomer, where the polymer is attached to the microarray, where the second layer is a second thickness, where the first thickness of the polymer differs from the second thickness based on one or more electropolymerizing parameters selected from the group consisting of potential, current and time; and
two or more of the plurality of first oligonucleotides, where the T-linker of the two or more of the plurality of first oligonucleotides is immobilized on the second layer through the aminated 5′ end; and
(C) a plurality of second oligonucleotides, where the plurality of second oligonucleotides each comprise a second 3′ end, a second 5′ end, where either a cyanine moiety or a horse radish peroxidase moiety are attached to the second 5′ end, where the plurality of second oligonucleotides hybridize to the second portion.
13. The device of claim 12 , where the second portion comprises Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) when the first portion comprises DNA and where the second portion comprises Ribonucleic acid (RNA) when the first portion comprises RNA.
14. The device of claim 12 , where the monomer is selected from the group consisting of pyrrole, functionalized pyrrole and combinations thereof.
15. The device of claim 12 , where the monomer is selected from the group consisting of thiophenol, aniline, phenylene sulfide, phenylenediamine, diaminohaphthalene, phenol, phenolic derivative and combinations thereof.
16. The device of claim 12 , where the monomer is electropolymerized to a platinum electrode on a CMOS device.
17. The device of claim 12 , where when the first thickness is less than the second thickness, then the second layer has increased sensitivity of fluorescence detection.
18. The device of claim 12 , where when the first thickness is less than the second thickness, then the first layer has increased sensitivity of electrochemical detection.
19. A device comprising:
(A) a microarray with a plurality of electronically addressable electrodes comprising at least a first microelectrode and a second microelectrode;
(B) a plurality of first oligonucleotides, where each of the plurality of first oligonucleotides comprise a 3′ end, a 5′ end, a location, a first portion and a second portion, where the first portion extends from the 5′ end to the location, where the first portion comprises a T-linker, where the T-linker has an aminated 5′ end, where the second portion extends from the location to the 3′ end, where the first microelectrode comprises:
a first layer consisting of a polymer formed from a monomer, where the monomer is selected from the group consisting of pyrrole, functionalized pyrrole, thiophenol, aniline, phenylene sulfide, phenylenediamine, diaminohaphthalene, phenol, phenolic derivative and combinations thereof, where the first layer is formed by electropolymerizing the monomer on one or more microelectrodes of the microarray using an electropolymerizing solution with one or more electropolymerizing parameters to form a first thickness; and
the plurality of first oligonucleotides, where the T-linker of the two or more of the plurality of first oligonucleotides is immobilized on the first layer through the aminated 5′ end, where the second microelectrode comprises:
a second layer consisting of the polymer formed from the monomer, where the second layer is a second thickness, where the second thickness differs from the first thickness of the polymer depends on one or more electropolymerizing parameters selected from the group consisting of potential, current and time; and
the plurality of first oligonucleotides, where the T-linker of the two or more of the plurality of first oligonucleotides is immobilized on the second layer through the aminated 5′ end; and
(C) a plurality of second oligonucleotides, where the plurality of second oligonucleotides each comprise a second 3′ end, a second 5′ end, where either a fluorescent moiety and a redox moiety are attached to the second 5′ end, where the plurality of second oligonucleotides hybridize to the second portion.
20. The device of claim 19 , where the second portion comprises Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) when the first portion comprises DNA and where the second portion comprises Ribonucleic acid (RNA) when the first portion comprises RNA.