Redox flow battery systems and methods of manufacture and operation and reduction of metallic impurities
A redox flow battery system includes an anolyte having a first ionic species in solution; a catholyte having a second ionic species in solution, where the redox flow battery system is configured to reduce the first ionic species in the anolyte and oxidize the second ionic species in the catholyte during charging; a first electrode in contact with the anolyte, where the first electrode includes channels for collection of particles of reduced metallic impurities in the anolyte; a second electrode in contact with the catholyte; and a separator separating the anolyte from the catholyte. A method of reducing metallic impurities in an anolyte of a redox flow battery system includes reducing the metallic impurities in the anolyte; collecting particles of the reduced metallic impurities; and removing the collected particles using a cleaning solution.
1. A method of reducing metallic impurities in an anolyte of a redox flow battery system, the method comprising
reducing the metallic impurities in the anolyte;
collecting particles of the reduced metallic impurities; and
removing the collected particles using a cleaning solution.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein collecting the particles comprises collecting at least a portion of the particles of the reduced metallic impurities on an electrode of the redox flow battery system.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the electrode comprises interdigitated openings or indentations for collection of the particles of the reduced metallic impurities.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metallic impurities comprise at least one of nickel, antimony, zinc, platinum, palladium, gold, or copper.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cleaning solution comprises ferric ions.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cleaning solution is at least a portion of a catholyte of the redox flow battery system.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cleaning solution comprises hydrogen peroxide or ferric chloride.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein removing the collected particles comprises removing the collected particles during a maintenance cycle of the redox flow battery system.
9. The method of claim 8 , further comprising performing at least 5 charge and discharge cycles prior to performing the maintenance cycle.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein collecting particles comprises collecting at least a portion of the particles of the reduced metallic impurities in a particulate filter.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anolyte comprises chromium ions and a catholyte comprises iron ions.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the anolyte further comprises iron ions and the catholyte further comprises chromium ions.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein a utilization of chromium in the anolyte is limited to no more than 80% by an amount of iron in the catholyte.